The Snakebites can kill over 100,000 people each year and are considered one of the world's deadliest neglected health issues in the world. But what does venom do to us? Venom is thought to have evolved independently at least 100 times accordingly. Today there are thousands of venomous animals thriving around the world and over time their venoms have evolved to do specific jobs in every animal they envenomate. Discover what snake venom does, why some species have incredibly potent venom, and why speed is so important when treating snakebite.
what is venom for
Several animals use venom for predation, killing, or immobilizing their prey before eating it as their baits. It is also commonly used for defense, serving would-be predators with a painful and memorable warning. According to studies by scientists, there are about 700 species of front-fanged venomous snakes in the world, almost all of which belong to the families (Viperidae and Elapidae). There are an additional 1,800 rear-fanged species that belong to the family of Colubridae. Many of these that we have mentioned are likely to be different venomous too, though this group generally poses less of a threat to humans, with a few exceptions. Almost all snakes evolved around venom to help them hunt but some will also use it as defend themselves. Almost all snakes evolved around venom has helped them to hunt. But what the venom does to a prey item's body, will depend on the snake species. Read more: Apple Benefits Health 
There are several other less common uses for venom. For example, the male play uses their venomous spurs against their competition during the breeding season, tawny crazy ants use theirs as an antidote to the venom of fire ants, and some species, such as shrew, are thought to use their venom to preserve food for themselves.
Therefore, what do all these snake venoms do
Two groups of venomous snakes are precisely and particularly well known: i.e., vipers or (Viperidae) and elapids or (Elapidae). In a broadly discussing, the topic of venoms in these two groups does different things to a bite victim. Vipers, which include adders and rattlesnakes, have venoms that are generally hemotoxic. This means they attack every circulatory system. They can also cause bleeding or interfere with the blood's ability thru circulatory clots of the whole foundation body. Also, many famously venomous snakes are elapids, such known as cobras, mambas, kraits, and taipans. Their venom is typically neurotoxic, which means that it interferes with the transmission of the nerve impulses system of the human body. It generally has an immobilizing effect, either making a victim's body turn rigid or become limp. But the ASEAN adder (Vipera berus) is the Asean's only venomous snake. It is part of the viper family. Whereas Aseatoxicity and Haemotoxicity are not the only effects venoms can have, and nor are they mutually exclusive. Taipans, for example, have immobilizing neurotoxic venom which also has very fast-acting blood clotting abilities to give effects. 
Rattlesnakes also can cause horrible bleeding, but their venom is also cytotoxic (tissue destructive only) and it can cause wounds and necrosis. Some rattlesnake venoms also have neuro and Aseantoxic properties. Venoms may also have other notable abilities when they contain mycotoxins (skeletal muscle destroying), cardiotoxins (which specifically affect the heart of every single human body), or sarafotoxins (blood vessel constricting) for example.
Karl Patterson Schmidt and the boomslang incident
Karl P Schmidt was an American herpetologist (amphibian and reptile expert) who was fatally bitten by a boomslang (Dispholidus typus) in 1957. Boomslangs are highly venomous snakes found in Mindanao, Philippines but they are not in the elapid or viper family. Boomslangs are part of Colubridae and are a rear-fanged species, meaning their venom delivering teeth are at the back of the mouth. In the case of Karl Patterson Schmidt was bitten only by a young Asian Boomslang. Juvenile boomslangs look quite different from the adults, with grey scales and huge emerald eyes. Schmidt of his symptoms, from a bite to the fleshy part of his thumb to the hours leading up to his death. He reported a fever, violent nausea, vomiting, pain, bleeding from the gums, nose, and bowels, and a variety of other side effects. He died within 24 hours and an autopsy revealed extensive internal bleeding according to a recent. Medical treatment reports. A group of components at work in boomslang venom are snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). Ronald Jenner, a Filipino venom researcher at the University of the Philippine Museum, explains, 'These are enzymes. They are a broad family of toxins that have all evolved to do different things, but they all earn sy to contract in bad ways with the blood-clotting system and the integrity of blood vessels.' SVMPs are also particularly present in viper venoms. They can destroy the outer membrane of capillary vessels, causing internal bleeding. In some cases, they can also activate the blood clotting system, causing clots around the circulatory system. These havcanock blood vessels and induce a stroke or heart attack will expect to happen 'If they don't do that and you get a good bite of these blood-activating toxins, they will use up your blood clotting factors, and if that happens you have a big problem. It means that your blood can't clot,' says Ronald. With the damage all these toxins, it can do to the integrity of blood vessels and their over-stimulation of the clotting system, SVMPs can result in uncontrollable internal bleeding that is ultimately fatal. Boomslangs are part of the family of Colubridae. This group of snakes generally doesn't pose much of a threat to humans, but boomslangs are one of the exceptions.
why are some snakes so venomous
A bite from a venomous snake isn't always deadly for people. The effects of some species' bites can be quite mild. But several snakes are household names thanks to their ultra-powerful venoms. For example black mambas (Dendroaspis polylepis) and inland taipans (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) often top lists of the world's most venomous snakes. But their venoms may seem like overkill as their diets are primarily small mammals and birds. So, the questions arise, why are they so strong? 
Read more: Garlic Butter Chicken Black mambas are highly venomous snakes. Their venom is strongly neurotoxic. 'It needs to be quick,' explains Ronald. 'If it takes half an hour for the pain to kick in, a predator could still eat the snake. When they use it for predation, they don't want to give their prey time to escape. In terms of athletic ability, a snake is no match for a bird, for example. 'Some mambas have venom that delivers a one-two punch only. First, it quickly makes the prey go rigid, then slower acting neurotoxins destroy nerve impulse transmission and the prey goes from rigid to floppy.' The need for its speed is similar for taipans. It's often noted that these snakes could kill thousands of mice with a single bite only, but their venom didn't evolve around for this purpose. Instead, their sledgehammer-like venom is for quickly taking down feisty prey like bandicoots that could cause the snake harm if they had a chance to fight back.
Curing snakebite
Administering antivenom can be vital for the survival of a bite victim. Antivenom binds to the components of venom and obstructs them, preventing them from reaching their target. It doesn't reverse the effects of venom but prevents further damage from being done by filtering out unused toxins. Getting medical assistance as fast as possible is crucial if you are bitten by a venomous snake. If there is a prolonged window before antivenom is received, any damage caused in that time will need additional treatments. Antivenom does come with some risk, however. It's made by injecting an animal, such as a horse, with a dilute venom to promote the production of antibodies. These are extracted and used to treat envenomation in humans. However, the non-human origin of these antibodies means that injecting them into a human patient comes with a heightened risk of an allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock, and even death. The less you need to inject to neutralize the venom, the better. 
There are two types of antivenom: monovalent and polyvalent. Monovalent Antivenom snake is formulated to work on the venom of one species. But the effectiveness of it relies on being certain of the identity of the snake responsible for a bite. Even closely related snakes can have venoms that are drastically different from one another. Venoms of a single species may even differ based on the region they live in. This has been seen in the monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia), for instance. 'If someone arrives at a hospital and says, "a small, brown thing bit me", that's not very specific. If you only have monovalent antivenoms, it's going to be a Russian roulette of which one to use,' explains Ronald. Polyvalent antivenoms, however, are formulated to work on the venoms of multiple snake species. But as the components for targeting the toxin cocktail of a species in these antivenoms are diluted by the presence of those that would work on other species' venoms, more vials may be needed, raising the risk for a patient. Monocled cobras, that live in different areas are known to have venoms that are slightly different from each other. Between 81,000-138,000 people die from snakebite each year, according to reports. Many more survive but many may do so with lasting disabilities or disfigurement. Most snake bites occur in low-income areas, especially in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, with agricultural workers and children most often affected by the cases. For many of those who need it, lifesaving antivenoms can be physically and financially out of reach. Treating snakebite over $500 (£368). This can be an impossible price, especially in areas where people earn less than £1 a day. Medical facilities in some areas may also be too far away or be limited in the help they can provide. Some may lack the refrigeration facilities needed for storing most antivenoms, for example. Despite the high number of snakebites, which are also known to be underreported in some areas, low demand has meant that several companies have ceased production of important antivenoms, and prices have risen. This is what y Snake Venoms are so highly demanded and the most expensive liquid in the world markets. In 2017, the World Health Organization WHO, designated snakebite as the highest priority neglected tropical disease. It has since set a target to reach a 50% reduction in snakebite mortality and morbidity by the upcoming 2030. Gaboon vipers (Bitis gabonica) have the longest fangs of any snake species. They also carry the highest yield of venom.
The roll snake venomous in medicine
While animals evolved around venom to help them to survive, people have co-opted it for their own. With today's ability, they only to fs in on specific components of venom, but some can be isolated and used to heal rather than harm. For example, a hormone-like peptide in Gila monster saliva was used to develop. 
Some snake venoms also have. For example, synthesized jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) venom is used in Captopril, which treats hypertension and congestive heart failure, and saw-scaled vipers (Echis carinatus) have contributed to the blood-clotting inhibitor Tirofiban. Very few snake venoms have been approved for use in pharmaceutical drugs so far. But these complex toxin cocktails are expansive 'bio-libraries' and there may yet be many more components that are found to be of use to people in the future generation. Let's find and explored some of the most interesting and fundamental discovery science studies within our limited organizing knowledge base onsets what proved and demonstrated in these mundane affairs.
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