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The performance recovery of aged asphalt is subject to specific restrictions when using a single light oil regenerator. In this article, we are going to talk about the composition of asphalt binder oil and its composite.
what is aged asphalt?
In this study, the composite regenerative agent was made from tung oil, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), C9 petroleum resin, and organic montmorillonite (OMMT), and its ideal mix percentage was found using an orthogonal experimental design.
The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) were used to study the rheological characteristics and anti-aging performance of reclaimed asphalt; the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to investigate its microstructure, morphology, and mechanism of action.
The findings demonstrate that the rheological properties of old asphalt may be efficiently recovered, even better than basic asphalt, by the addition of a tung oil composite regenerative agent.
It is discovered that recovered asphalt has greater anti-aging performance than base asphalt utilizing the complex modulus aging index (CMAI) and phase angle aging index (PMAI).
The optimal concentration of the tung oil composite regenerating agent can result in a decrease in the number of macromolecular asphaltenes and distinctive functional groups in the aged asphalt, showing that the composite regenerating agent aids in the dispersion and dissolution of polar compounds in the aged asphalt.
On the asphalt's surface, a lot of wrinkles develop over time.
However, the addition of the tung oil composite regenerating agent can smooth out the asphalt surface, indicating that the tung oil composite regenerating agent can, to a certain extent, restore the microstructure and morphology of old asphalt.
Asphalt pavement is frequently used in China's rapidly expanding road construction industry because of its superior road performance.
The adhesion, ageing resistance, low-temperature crack resistance, and other properties of asphalt pavement are eventually weakened by the combined action of numerous factors, such as a complex traffic environment and driving load, leading to the production of a significant amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP).
The lack of raw asphalts can be addressed and a cost-effective, ecologically friendly society with sustainable mobility can be established by logically processing a significant amount of obsolete materials.
Consequently, recycled asphalt mixture recycling technology has received a lot of interest.
In order to properly regenerate the reclaimed asphalt and extend the useful life of asphalt pavement, a certain amount of a regenerating agent is applied to the recycled asphalt.
Regenerating agents are in greater demand every day.
To get the best regeneration effect, however, the typical single light oil must be utilized as the regenerating agent.
Additionally, the cost of regeneration is increasing, which limits the use of recycling technology.
Therefore, the creation of a composite green, affordable, and environmentally friendly regenerative agent to replace the conventional regenerating agent and single light oil is inevitable.
Aged Asphalt types
Mineral oil is the primary component of most regenerants used today.
However, the advancement of regeneration technology is constrained by inherent flaws, such as severe volatility and non-renewability [6].
Because of its excellent performance, low cost, and accessibility of raw materials, recycled light oil is frequently employed as a regeneration agent.
As regeneration agents, for instance, recovered vegetable oil, organic oil, aromatic extract, distilled tall oil, and bio-oil can be utilized to improve the performance of aged asphalt.
The physical characteristics, rheological characteristics, and other pavement behaviors of asphalt binders are favorably influenced by used cooking oil (WCO).
According to Eleyedath et al.
, the light components found in such regenerating agents had a small molecular weight and low viscosity, which could quickly restore their performance after mixing with the aged asphalt.
However, the molecular weight difference between these lightweight components and other molecules was too great, which caused poor compatibility and the rapid loss of small and medium molecules, which was the reason for the poor durability of asphalt pavement.
Older asphalt's resistance to low-temperature cracking can be increased by using bio-oil, and this oil has a microstructure that is comparable to base asphalt.
The residual soybean oil chosen as a regeneration agent increases permeability and decreases viscosity, both of which are detrimental to the resistance to rutting at high temperatures.
Additionally, the reclaimed motor oil used as a regenerating agent increases the viscoelasticity and flexibility of the asphalt binder and has an anti-stripping performance that is on par with base asphalt.
Reclaimed wood-derived bio-oil was employed by Zhang et al.
to balance the chemical elements of aged asphalt.
To replace and balance the missing elements in old asphalt, tung oil, which has fatty acid triglycerides as its primary chemical component, can be employed.
According to the information provided above, the majority of current research focuses on a single oil regeneration agent.
However, a single light oil or other aromatic compound used as a regeneration agent finds it difficult to repair or improve the overall performance of the reclaimed asphalt and can only improve the fluidity of the asphalt.
This study developed a composite asphalt regeneration agent by mixing tung oil, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), C9 petroleum resin, and organic montmorillonite (OMMT).
The orthogonal design test, which successfully restored the rheological properties and anti-aging performance of aged asphalt, was used to determine the optimal content of each raw material of the composite regenerating agent.
When combined with the microstructure test, its regeneration mechanism was also analyzed.
As the base oil, tung oil from a tung oil factory in Mianyang, Sichuan was used; as the plasticizer, DOP from a chemical plant in Yixing, Wuxi; as the tackifier resin, C9 petroleum resin from a chemical plant in Dongguan, Guangdong; and as the tackifier resin, OMMT from a mineral products processing plant in Hebei, chosen for its barrier properties, aging resistance, and flame retardancy.
The recommended tung oil content for long-term aged asphalt with RTFOT aging for 85 min and PAV aging for 20 h is in the range of 2-8%, according to an earlier study.
what are Asphalt compounds
We must take into account that different sources of asphalts have somewhat different performances.
To create the reclaimed asphalt, aged asphalt (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%) was mixed with the tung oil composite regenerative agent.
The tung oil composite regenerative agent was introduced to the old asphalt while maintaining a temperature of 135 5 °C.
It was continually agitated for 10 min (500 r/min) after being sheared by the high-speed shear for 20 min (3000 r/min).
Reclaimed asphalt is given names based on the amount of the regenerating agent it contains, such as R-4% reclaimed asphalt, which means that it contains 4% of the tung oil composite regenerating agent.
As the temperature rises, the CMAI of asphalt first rises and then falls.
The ambient temperature has a direct impact on how asphalt molecules move.
The asphalt can be classified into three states: a glass state, a high elastic state, and a viscous flow state based on how it deforms when subjected to external stress.
Lower molecular weight liquids typically exhibit lower viscous flow temperatures.
Prior to age, asphalt produces more light components and fewer heavy components.
The relaxation time of asphalt molecules is shorter when an external force is applied, making the asphalt more susceptible to viscous flow, and the viscous flow temperature of the asphalt is relatively low; however, after thermal-oxidative aging, light components decrease and heavy components increase, increasing the asphalt's average relative molecular mass and lengthening the relaxation time of asphalt molecules, increasing the viscous flow temperature of the asphalt.
As the temperature rises during the temperature scanning process, the original asphalt's viscous flow emerges earlier than that of aged asphalt at the stage of 42–54 °C, causing the complex modulus of the original asphalt to degrade much more quickly than that of aged asphalt and raising the asphalt's CMAI.
It is shown that the CMAI of reclaimed asphalt is lower than that of base asphalt following PAV aging, demonstrating that the OMMT in the tung oil composite regenerating agent can effectively block the penetration and propagation of gaseous substances in the asphalt, such as water molecules and oxygen, and postpone the aging process of asphalt under thermal-oxidative action.
So the thermal-oxidative aging resistance of old asphalt can be successfully increased by the tung oil composite regenerative agent.
The CMAI of reclaimed asphalt first reduces and then increases as the amount of tung oil composite regeneration agent increases, with the CMAI of R-8% reclaimed asphalt being the smallest, indicating the best thermal-oxidative aging resistance.
The CMAI of recovered asphalt gradually rises as the amount of tung oil composite regenerator approaches 8%.
Thus, it is possible to guarantee that recycled asphalt will have improved thermal-oxidative aging resistance when the concentration of the tung oil composite regenerative agent is 8%.
It shows that after PAV aging, the phase angle of the asphalt decreases, and more viscous components are converted into elastic components; when the tung oil composite regenerating agent's content is 4% or less, the PMAI of reclaimed asphalt is similar to that of base asphalt; and when its content is greater than 4%, the PMAI of reclaimed asphalt is greater than that of base asphalt, showing that the tung oil composite regenerating agent can regenerate the asphalt.
Asphalt sample surficial micro-morphologies were gathered using a Zeiss sigma 300 SEM.
The test depicts the microstructures and morphologies of base asphalt, aged asphalt, and restored asphalt.
And it also shows that whereas the surface of base asphalt is often level and smooth, essentially having a homogeneous structure, the surface of aged asphalt has a significant number of wrinkles.
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This occurs as a result of the asphalt's fluidity degrading with age, the light components declining, the molecule polarity increasing, the molecular movement ability weakening, and other factors.
The surface of R-8% reclaimed asphalt tends to be flat and smooth, similar to base asphalt, thanks to the presence of the tung oil composite regeneration agent.
The graphs of both old and reclaimed asphalt also show the irregular striped "honeycomb structure," and the size of a single honeycomb structure in aged asphalt is bigger than it is in reclaimed asphalt, which may be because the asphalt's macromolecular asphaltenes have gathered together.
The light components increase with the use of the tung oil composite renewing agent.
Further evidence that the tung oil composite regenerative agent can roughly repair the microstructure and morphology of aged asphalt can be seen in the reduction in the area of the honeycomb structure of R-8% reclaimed asphalt and the smoothness of its surface.
The orthogonal design test method was used to identify the ideal mix proportion of the tung oil composite regenerative agent; specifically, tung oil: Petroleum resin C9 DOP: OMMT = 25:5:2:3.
The rutting factor and creep stiffness gradually decrease as the tung oil composite regenerating agent content rises, while the creep rate gradually rises.
This suggests that the tung oil composite regenerating agent can restore the rheological properties of aged asphalt even better than base asphalt.
While the PMAI of reclaimed asphalt is higher than that of base asphalt, the CMAI of reclaimed asphalt is lower.
Reclaimed asphalt now has substantially better anti-aging properties, and 8% of tung oil composite renewing agents is the ideal level.
Aged asphalt loses fluidity as its macromolecule content rises, and its surface develops a wrinkled texture and substantial honeycomb structure.
The inclusion of the tung oil composite regenerative agent can partially repair the morphological characteristics of old asphalt, causing its surface to tend toward flatness and smoothness and reducing the size of the honeycomb structure.
The characteristic peaks of reclaimed asphalt are largely consistent with those of base asphalt, as shown by the FTIR diagram, which also reveals that the tung oil composite regenerating agent is primarily made up of light components rich in aromatic hydrocarbons.
This suggests that the tung oil composite regenerating agent is helpful for the dispersion and dissolution of polar substances in the aged asphalt.
The aging of reclaimed asphalt degrades slowly, which is advantageous for the aging resistance of reclaimed asphalt, as shown by the GPC results for reclaimed asphalt, which also show that the tung oil composite regenerating agent can reduce the content of macromolecule in the aged asphalt.
Additionally, the change range of reclaimed asphalt's molecular weight after aging is smaller than that of base asphalt.
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