in the world of trading, there are not many different types of pig iron. Properties of the pig iron are mentioned here. All around us, ferrous metal parts and products are everywhere. Depending on lifestyle and job, some more or less, but have you ever asked yourself what kind of heavy lifting these products went through to become what we see today? Do you know that metal is left in the corner? In our terminology, we call it to scrap metal and scrap metal. In very distant times, humans were not yet familiar with extracting iron from the Earth, so the first iron used by the first humans may have come from meteorites. Since meteorites rarely hit Earth, iron is rare. Gold, silver, and copper were discovered at the same time in almost every continent, but the situation was different for iron. In the beginning, iron was very expensive, arguably more expensive than gold, and many iron ornaments came in gold frames. Iron, with the chemical symbol Fe, is the name of a metallic element.
Fresh iron has a smooth, shiny silver-gray finish. After aluminum, iron is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Iron ore, usually in the form of oxides, is converted into iron through a reduction process and using high temperatures and carbon (coke) from a blast furnace. Since pig iron has no special function due to its softness and oxidizing properties, most of the pure iron obtained becomes steel and the rest becomes cast iron alloy. In terms of mass, iron is the largest constituent of the earth. Iron metal is the main constituent of the Earth's outer and inner core, and the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. The occurrence of iron in other rocky spheres such as terrestrial planets and the moon is due to the phenomenon of nuclear fusion in stars, which means that iron in the fusion process is the last element to release energy before the star in the form of a nova or supernova. the spread of iron occurs in space. Most crustal iron is bound to oxygen in the form of iron oxide minerals, such as hematite and magnetite.
green pig iron
Pig iron is a name commonly used to distinguish and identify pig iron made from charcoal made from sustainable forestry from iron made from coke made from coal. This is very reasonable respect, as it is a sustainable production that complies with the requirements of the environmental authorities. But one of them is the production of green hydrogen steel (H2GS), a new method of steel production that has the potential to produce CO2-free steel. Swedish steelmaker SSAB, backed by Mercedes-Benz, has launched a pilot production line for hydrogen green steel and plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 25 percent by 2025. Steel is a basic commodity, but its production generates large amounts of carbon dioxide, accounting for 6-7% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The basic process of steel smelting, separating cast iron from iron ore, produces more than 1.7 tons of carbon dioxide per year. So where does this carbon dioxide come from? Not just the amount of energy used in production.
In fact, most of it is caused by chemical reactions caused by iron ore smelting. The first step is to make cast iron from iron ore in a blast furnace. Iron ore is mixed with high purity coke (made by heating coal at high temperatures) and oxygen is blown through it to create very high temperatures. Burning coke with a high carbon content produces carbon monoxide. The oxygen atoms from the iron oxide then combine with carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide. Other processes convert cast iron steel alloys, but this is the initial stage of cast iron production, which is the main cause of carbon dioxide production. The link between carbon dioxide and steel production seems inextricably linked, but ways to green hydrogen steel have been developed using a new solution called hydrogen direct reduction (H-DR).
In chemistry, the process of removing oxygen atoms from iron in oxides such as iron oxide is called reduction. This is the opposite of oxidation, where oxygen atoms combine with iron to produce iron oxide, for example. When steel objects rust, they oxidize. Direct hydrogen reduction means that instead of a two-stage reduction where carbon monoxide is first produced and then carbon dioxide and iron are produced using the oxygen atoms in the iron oxide, the hydrogen used to fire the furnace combines directly with the iron oxide to produce water and cast iron, not carbon dioxide. The Swedish company SSAB, together with two companies LKAB and Vattenfall, has been working on the project since 2016 and launched a joint project called Hybrid. The goal is to make steel production completely free of fossil fuels by 2035, and thus the joint venture is expected to reduce total CO2 emissions by 10% in Sweden and 7% in Finland. To be completely green and free of fossil fuels, all energy, including hydrogen production, must come from renewable sources. 
types of pig iron
Pig iron comes in many different shapes and types. different types of iron ore As all knows iron ore is available in the market in various forms so that all industries can prepare and use this mineral as needed.
Granular iron ore
Granulated iron ore is a type of Hematet iron ore whose use has declined in recent years due to its low renewability.
- blocked
The most common way to use iron ore is in lumps. In general, 700 million tons of ingots are produced annually for use in the steel rebars production industry.
- Granulate
At present, 300 million tons of pellets are produced, of which 80% is used for blast furnaces and the remaining 20% is used for direct regeneration. use of iron ore Iron ore is the raw material for steel production. 
98% of the iron ore mined globally is used to produce steel. The automotive and construction industries are the largest industries that consume steel, so the demand for steel in these industries affects the demand and price of iron ore. After extraction, iron ore is produced through several stages of crushing, grinding, screening, and washing, and then processed and fed to furnaces. Finally, use flotation or use a magnetic separator to increase its quality to around 60-65%. The resulting stones are then cut into sizes 6 to 25mm to fit into the kiln. The concentrated iron ore is exposed to high temperatures together with limestone and coke in a furnace called a blast furnace. The desired steel sheet metal is then melted due to the heat and gas flow from the coke fuel. The molten iron and slag produced by iron ore mortar units are gradually discharged from the furnace. The furnace is constantly charged with new metal ores and molten iron is drained from it. The product of this furnace is cast iron, which is used in certain industries. The cast iron is then reworked to obtain very durable steel. 
pig iron production by country
the production of pig iron is very different country by country. Some countries like Australia and Brazil are the big exporters of Iron ore and they are the first in the world. the price of pig iron and iron ore in these two countries is very low in case of buying in bulk. In iron ore, there are two common minerals called hematite and magnetite. Hematite, also known as iron ore, has the chemical formula Fe2O3. Hematite contains about 70% (Fe) and 30% oxygen. This mineral is used to color and produce anti-rust products. Magnetite iron ore with the chemical formula Fe3O4 contains 72% iron and takes its name from the Greek word meaning magnet. Of course, there are other types of iron ore, identified by the names of their constituents, zeolite, limonite, siderite, mullite, macaret, etc. 
The first step in mining iron ore is to identify iron ore-rich mines, which is done by professional mining engineers and experts. After identifying a potential mine, iron ore is extracted and prepared to separate impurities and obtain pure metal. Pure iron is in the form of a dark powder and is very susceptible to oxidation and impact. In order for pure iron to become a strong Scrap metal structure and be used in various industries such as construction, it must first be combined with other elements The combination of iron and other elements are called alloys, generally carbon, nickel, and chromium. Among countries in the world, China is the largest importer and consumer of iron ore. Australia and Brazil are also the world's largest iron producers. 
pig iron to steel
The steel is produced through some methods with the help of pig iron as raw materials. The blast furnace is 30-80 meters high, the inner wall is made of refractory material, and the outer wall is made of sheet steel. The production capacity of modern blast furnaces is 5 million tons/year. Simply put, the job of a blast furnace is to recover iron oxide and melt pig iron and separate it from impurities. To make steel in a blast furnace, the iron ore extracted from the mine due to the explosion is first converted to a size of 25 mm or less with a stone crusher. During the smelting operation, hot air is blown into the furnace from below to rejuvenate the iron ore. The molten material obtained is a product of pig iron. The result of the blast furnace process is cast iron, which is 95% pure. In the next step, pig iron is converted into molten steel in a converter, where carbon is removed from other impurities using oxygen, resulting in pig steel. 
Thomas Bessemer's method is one of the finest methods for making steel from pig iron. Thomas-Bessemer method: The Thomas oven is pear-shaped, also known as a converter. The outer building is made of sheet steel and the inner cover is made of dolomite. Delmite is a refractory material consisting of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. The Thomas converter can be moved around a horizontal axis and has holes in the bottom to blow air into the converter. The Thomas converter works as follows: It is first placed in a loaded state, filled to a certain extent with molten iron, and lime is added. The converter is then brought to a vertical position and during this movement air is blown into it at a pressure equal to 2 bar. 
The blasting lasts for 15 to 20 minutes and this action increases the temperature of the molten iron from 1300 degrees Celsius to 1600 degrees Celsius while oxidizing other elements. The steel obtained from this furnace is called Thomas representative steel and has a carbon content of 0.05% to 0.5%. The steel has good forging and welding properties and is used to prepare various profiles, rods, plates, angle steel, iron beams, etc. Since the coating of the Thomas converter is alkaline, this converter is used to regenerate pig iron with alkaline (high phosphorus and sulfur, low silicon). Bessemer furnaces are used to refresh pig iron with acid (low phosphorus sulfur, high silicon) and are completely similar to Thomas furnaces, except for the type of insulating coating, made of silicate refractory bricks. 
iron ore trade
Australia, Brazil, and South Africa have the largest iron ore reserves and traders, but Australia is the world's largest producer of high-grade iron ore and has very rich mines, particularly in the Pilbara region, which has high-grade iron ore. Iron is one of the most important metals in the industry today, and iron ore is the raw material for steelmaking. Meanwhile, China, Japan, the United States, India, Russia, South Korea, Germany, and Turkey are the biggest consumers of steel. The Grove Steel website lists the world's largest iron ore mining companies in 2017 by reviewing reliable sources of information about the mining process. The world's largest iron ore producers are: 1- Whale Brazilian multinational mining company Vale is the No. 1 mining company on the 2017 list of the world's largest iron ore producers. In addition to iron ore, Vale is one of the world's largest nickel producers, producing coal, copper, and magnesium in addition to iron ore and nickel. 
Vale's iron ore production in the second quarter of 2017 increased by 5.8% compared to the same period in 2016. 2- Rio Tinto Rio Tinto was the world's second-largest iron ore producer in 2017. Founded in 1873, this multinational mining company is a large company with a very long history. Rio Tinto went bankrupt in 35 countries, including Brazil, Australia, Serbia, Iceland, and Singapore. The company's four main product groups include aluminum, copper and diamonds, energy and minerals, and iron ore. Rio Tinto's main mineral exploration is concentrated in iron, aluminum, and copper. Rio Tinto's iron ore production in 2017 was 4% higher than a year earlier. 3 - BHP Billiton Although BHP Billiton's iron ore production fell 3% in the first quarter of 2017 from a year earlier, the company remained one of the world's largest iron ore producers in 2017. BHP Billiton is an Anglo-Australian company headquartered in Melbourne, Australia, with operations in Brazil, Algeria, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. 4- Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) 
Australia's Fortescue Metals Group is the world's fourth-largest iron ore producer. The company was founded in 2003 and operates in the Pilbara mine, one of the most important mines in the world for iron ore extraction and one of the world's largest iron ore producers, it was 2016 One of the lowest annual cost iron ore producers. Yes. The company is one of the largest exporters of iron ore to China, the world's largest consumer of steelmaking raw materials. 5- National Mineral Development Corporation of India The National Mineral Development Corporation of India (NMDC) is an Indian mining company established in 1958 by the Government of India. The company is the largest iron ore miner in India and one of the largest iron ore producers such as iron ore pellets in the world. In addition to operating in the iron ore sector, the company mines copper, dolomite, bentonite, and diamonds.
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