In this part, you will be familiar with different and amazing extraction ways of the stone used in building from the mines that have different methods. The evolution of stones used for decoration Construction stone is one of the first building materials that humans have utilized to build tools and shelters and suit their needs. Stone was favored over metal and other materials during the Paleolithic and Paleolithic eras. Consistent characteristics of stones The extent of layering and weak surfaces, as well as other factors, such as tensile strength, pressure tolerance, permeability, wave propagation, stability, and so on, can be crucial in the study of rocks. 
In general, the building stone should be without grooves, streaks, fractures, voids, decay, and loose layer, and even if possible, it should have a solid hue. The stone's desirable qualities
- Lacking consequences stemming from the occurrence of change
- lacks any geo-problems
- Disorganization and lack of stratification
- being skilled at cutting, subdividing, and polishing
- Tolerable in Hardness
- being of lovely form and hue
- Stone has no underlying mud layers
- Small pore size and water absorption coefficient
- possessing an appropriate amount of resistance to compression, friction, and tension
- being very long-lasting effectiveness in obtaining Having enough space to last for a single working cycle
Importance of Effective Stone Quality Factors
- Forces beyond one's control:
- classification of stone
- Shades of stone
- Changeable aspects:
- A Method for Extraction
- Techniques of trimming and shining
- Selecting and installing with care
- Construction stone extraction methods
- Using row pits for stone extraction.
- Using pars and wedges, we cut through the stone and freed the block.
- The Use of a Mechanical Device for Removing Blocks
- Simplified block mining with lightweight resources.
- the use of chemical inflators
- This method of stone mining involves excavating pits on the surface of the blocks.
- Diamond-shaped slicing wire
- Steel or helical cutting wires are used in the quarrying of block stones.
Methods of Mining without Excavation
- An instrument for making an impact
- Havage-Shiarzen machine technology for chopping stone
- Chain-armed Havaj automobile
- The winning disc in a Havaj automobile
- Extraction using Hydromechanics
- The Use of an Extracting Flame
Effective considerations for picking an extraction technique
- Put a stop to the cost
- Possession of Tools
- Discerning Power
- Methodological synthesis
- The potential for recycling
- The length and number of steps in the workshop
- The potential availability of sufficient water for stone extraction
- Energy provision
Using row pits for stone extraction. Using this technique to harvest stone for construction purposes is as old as the practice itself. Holes are drilled at uniform distances ranging from a few millimeters to a few decimeters using this technique. The stone's kind, texture, specific weight, and strength all influence how far apart the holes need to be. 
Blocks are better and safer separated when the holes are closer together. The trade-off, though, is a greater price. The number of pits needed and the associated costs determine where block mining can be done most profitably. Reproductive Digging holes is faster and more precise. Positioning them vertically, horizontally, or, in some models, at an angle, is simple. Disadvantages Often, due to the change in the characteristics of the rock, or for other reasons, the hammers cannot drill at a consistent speed, and in many circumstances, one or more hammers from the set of hammers remain inactive. Utilizing Mechanized Means for Rock Splitting Using a wedge to split a rock Digging the holes, then inserting two metal blades and a tough steel wedge into each one. Initially, a mild hammer is used to set it in place. Then, if you have a sledgehammer that weighs 10 kilos, it is worthwhile to use a wedge to shatter the stone and keep pounding on the wedge until the stone is split. Travertine and other layered deposits are ideal candidates. However, in most cases: Producing; to cause You can utilize it to execute a back cut at times. 
Disadvantages
- Rock mining and construction excavation costs
- Low output
- Advantage
- Stone is of a desirable quality since it shows fewer signs of wear and tear.
- Using a mechanical wedge
- One solution to the problem of inefficiency and lost time is a machine equipped with a mechanical impactor. He or she hits the wedge.
Advantage
- As a result, more work may be accomplished in less time.
Defect The product's quality has decreased because of the greater likelihood that seams and cracks will form as a result of impacts that are beyond anyone's control. Splitting the block with a hydraulic tool Each of the pars wedges is stored in this apparatus. It's known in both Latin and Persian by the same name: Darda. Several hammers with pars and wedges are used in the apparatus, or a hydraulic power supply pump. These hammers are powered by a hydraulic pump, giving them greater destructive force. To propel them, they use either electric, compressed air, or diesel motors. 
The pump is capable of producing pressures of up to 500 bar (1 bar = 033.1 kg/cm3), and it comes with a 25-liter hydraulic oil tank that is connected to a complex network of valves and hoses. It is possible to simultaneously start up to six hammers using this pump. During actual work, the pressure exerted by each hammer might amount to 400 tons of force. A wedge attached to the impact is lowered into the holes once they have been drilled, and the crack in the rock's surface is created by hydraulic pressure. Get the size and depth of the holes right first. Digging the holes straight and vertically is essential to preserving the integrity of the Pars, which will crack if the hole is even slightly angled. It's important that the whole’s diameter allows the wedge to fit into the hole without too much difficulty, and that it doesn't impede the splitting force of the hole. When digging a hole, make sure it's deeper than the longest par or wedge you plan to use, as this could cause them to shatter. The pars and wedge should be greased and sent into the hole once the holes have been dug. The stone will break due to the impactor's force. Due to the method's great work efficiency, lack of vibration, and even distribution of force, it has an edge over manual methods. Lighting devices or carefully timed fireworks Traditional stone cutting in stone mines has been greatly diminished by the development of modern techniques such as diamond wire cutting. It serves the purpose of trash collection or extra work in the kitchen. High productivity, cheap extraction costs, and minimal machinery are all benefits of working with raw materials. In spite of this, the explosion creates tension in the rock, which results in the formation of joints and fissures, the unequal separation of stone blocks, and the depletion of valuable rock reserves and national resources. 
Preparatory Application Occasionally, it's employed to get the extraction workshop ready (creating alleys and work chests). Specifically, they're making an effort to send the prep to the worst possible spot on the field. Two rows of pits are dug on either side of the alley and the stones within are fired in a direction perpendicular to the front of the fire. Only shock waves are stopped by the holes in the alley region. Use of fat is appropriate within the margin of error. Due to using flimsy components, The material must have low destructive power. A portion of the charge, or a portion of the charge split along the length of the hole, is what is needed. The explosives employed should have a specific heat of about 0.2*106 and an explosive speed of about 400 meters per second. Sometimes water or empty space inside the pit is employed to diminish the power of destruction. A combination of special gunpowder and gunpowder has also been tested. In recent years, most of pyrotechnics are done with gunpowder instead of gunpowder. As far as rock destruction goes, this explosive is a step down from gunpowder. Use of Time-Tested Procedures The initial pressure from the explosion is proportional to the total stress in the rock. Consequently, the choice of explosive material with an appropriate beginning pressure to induce tensile stresses at the limit of the rock's tensile strength is one of the parameters that play a vital role in shattering the rock. The explosive material's particular weight and explosion speed determine how much pressure it will generate inside the hole. Gunpowder is the biggest cost in the conventional method of constructing stone mines. 
Compressed gunpowder comes in cylinders measuring between 9 and 15 centimeters in length and a diameter of 2.5 to 4 centimeters. This compressed gunpowder has a weight of 1.9 g/cm3 when measured by its density. The granules of granular gunpowder range in size from 0.1 to 1.3 cm. This gunpowder has a density of 1.5 grams per cubic centimeter. The speed of the explosion is proportional to the size of the droplets. Challenge In order to get the desired effect with fireworks, it is crucial that the holes be perfectly aligned and placed in a straight line. Pits are the lines on a plane, and the set of pits should form a plane in the stone. Distance between holes is best determined by the type of rock, the existence of discontinuities, and the whole’s shape, which includes dimensions like its diameter. In most cases, they model this separation as a function of the whole’s width and supply accompanying calculations and figures. Through experimentation and cost estimation, the optimal case can be obtained. Fragmentation through Chemically Expanding Substances In stone quarries, it is used as an alternative to sand. Its popularity and use continue to rise. These materials serve a similar purpose to pars and wedges, although their destructive and explosive force is lower than that of Naryeh materials. It's imperative that they create matching holes. A slurry is made by combining the desired substance with water. The hole is filled with the slurry. Hydration and water absorption cause the slurry's volume to expand by many times after some time has passed. 
Advantages Not dependent on petroleum products; could be used in residential areas and mines in close proximity to these regions, where such usage is prohibited by the Mines Ministry's regulations. Benefit of not requiring specialized personnel to operate. Ease of transportation: These products are packaged and readily transported. Fracture always occurs perpendicular to the drilled holes, regardless of the cut's arbitrary shape. Consistency with natural systems Disadvantages Numerous manufacturers disregard established industry norms, resulting in subpar products. Weather conditions: Many powders are not manufactured for varied weather conditions. Heat has a very crucial role in the expansion process of these powders. That's why they're less effective when the temperature drops. Risk of explosion and stone-throwing: Due to the inadequate quality of many of the generated powders, within a short length of time after being poured, they may experience a significant expansion akin to an explosion, and the stones may be crushed and hurled. 
Performance The greater the volume, the greater the compressive force on the hole wall. The whole lining will eventually crack due to the pressures exerted there. It is possible to control the direction in which the wall is broken and the subsequent movement of the broken stone by carefully drilling and configuring the hole. After that, a loader and a bulldozer may easily separate the stone from the work chest. After reading this article you can contact us for asking any question you have about the stone.