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Asphalt mastic is essential in asphalt mixtures used in pavement engineering.
Understanding the behavior of the interaction between the two materials is critical for improving the pavement performance of asphalt mastics.
In this article, we are going to discuss the seal mechanism and the must-know things about asphalt.
The objectives of this study were to assess the capability of asphalt-filler interaction using macro-rheological measurements and to investigate the asphalt-filler interaction mechanism related to the microstructural properties of asphalt mastics.
The asphalt-filler interaction was characterized using initial macro-rheological characteristics of asphalt mastics based on dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests.
Second, a Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectrometer was used to assess the physicochemical interaction between the asphalt and filler in a qualitative manner.
Third, experiments were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the asphalt-filler interaction in terms of the micro-morphological properties of mineral fillers and asphalt mastics.
Finally, grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to determine the relationship between the macro-micro performances of asphalt mastics and mineral filler properties.
The results show that a higher alkaline mineral filler content within the critical volume fraction range increased the ability of the filler and asphalt to interact.
Given that there were no obvious new adsorption peaks in the FTIR spectrum, the asphalt-filler interaction is primarily a physical process.
The main determinants of the micro-morphological properties of asphalt mastic were the adsorption effect of mineral fillers on polar fractions and the dispersion effect of mineral fillers on wax crystals in the asphalt binder.
The acidity and content of mineral fillers had a significant impact on the micro-morphological and macro-rheological properties of asphalt mastics, according to the GRA findings, while the specific surface area of the mineral filler had a significant impact on the ability of the asphalt and filler to interact.
Furthermore, the K-B-index was a better choice for assessing the potential for asphalt-filler interaction.
Asphalt pavement's serviceability is significantly reduced over its long service life due to severe distress caused by repeated traffic loads, freeze-thaw cycles, and other external factors.
According to the theory governing asphalt mortar, an asphalt mixture is a multi-level spatial network structure dispersion system that can include a coarse dispersion system (asphalt mixture), a subdivided dispersion system (asphalt mortar), and a differential dispersion system (asphalt mastic).
As the dispersed phase in an asphalt mixture, coarse aggregate is distributed throughout the asphalt mortar.
Fine aggregate is dispersed as the dispersed phase in asphalt mortar, which is composed of asphalt binder and mineral filler.
Asphalt mastic is essential for aggregate bonding and void filling in asphalt mixtures.
Numerous studies have shown that the interaction between the mineral filler and the asphalt binder (referred to as the "asphalt-filler interaction") has an effect on the viscoelastic and mechanical properties of asphalt mastics, which has a significant impact on the overall pavement performance of asphalt mixtures, including fatigue damage resistance, low-temperature cracking resistance, high-temperature stability, and moisture stability.
Cohesive failures in asphalt mastics, for example, frequently cause fatigue damage, which begins as microcracks and gradually spreads to form macrocracks.
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To better understand the functionality of asphalt mastics and effectively reduce pavement distress, it is necessary to evaluate the asphalt-filler interaction ability, investigate related influential factors of asphalt-filler interactions, and reveal the interaction mechanism associated with asphalt mastics' microstructural characteristics.
Numerous research studies suggested that mechanical reinforcement and physicochemical interaction would be important in improving the performance of an asphalt binder containing a mineral filler.
Volume filling and particle structuralization are two mechanical reinforcement methods.
Because filler particles with a lower mineral filler content replace some of the asphalt binders, the stiffness of asphalt mastic as a diluted suspension improves moderately.
When the filler volume fraction reaches approximately 40%, the filler particles begin to aggregate and form an interconnected network, causing the stiffness of asphalt mastics to rapidly increase in the direction of particle structuralization.
The physicochemical interaction is thought to be caused by the formation of a structural asphalt layer, which results in the formation of the asphalt layer and ultimately improves the engineering performance of asphalt mastics.
Numerous studies have shown that temperature, loading frequency, filler acidity, filler content, filler particle size, and other factors influence the interaction of the asphalt and the filler.
Fan et al.
discovered that temperature improved the interfacial adhesion capacity of asphalt mastics.
According to Zhang et alresearch's as loading frequencies increased, the ability of the asphalt-filler interaction decreased.
According to Zhang et al., the parameter of filler particle size has the greatest influence on the asphalt-filler interaction.
Zhang et al.
also confirmed that the ability of the asphalt-filler interaction is related to the acidity, particle size, and content of the filler.
According to Antunes et al., the specific surface area, shape, and texture of mineral filler particles are sensitive factors that affect how the asphalt and filler interact.
According to some studies, increasing the filler-to-asphalt-binder mass ratio could improve the mechanical performance of asphalt mastics, but it should be less than 1.5.
Faheem et al.
demonstrated that when the volume fraction of a mineral filler is less than 40%, the particle size of the filler has a significant effect on the asphalt-filler interaction ability.
Tan et al.
concluded that the asphalt-filler interaction ability increases with finer filler or higher temperatures.
The interaction of high fractional void fillers with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt binder weakens the fatigue performance and fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures, according to Romeo et al.
According to Moraes et al., the type and content of the filler may affect how the asphalt interacts with the filler, potentially reducing the impact of aging on the mechanical properties of asphalt mastics.
These studies confirmed that the interaction between asphalt and filler is strongly influenced by the fundamental physical properties of mineral fillers as well as external environmental factors.
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Rheological assessments are also frequently used to assess the capability of asphalt filler interaction.
Tan et al.
used the complex modulus coefficient to evaluate the asphalt-aggregate interaction ability, but they discovered that G was unable to differentiate between the impacts of different types of aggregate powder on the interaction ability.
Guo concluded that the intrinsic viscosity was insufficiently sensitive to distinguish between the interactions abilities of various filler volume fractions based on his evaluation of the intrinsic viscosity.
According to Tan et al., the complex viscosity coefficient can be used to assess the interfacial interaction between asphalt and filler.
While Zhang et al.
discovered that the Einstein coefficient KE was inapplicable to analyzing the effect of filler concentrations, Nelson et al.
used the Einstein coefficient KE to investigate the enhancement effect of glass spheres on the modulus of particulate-filled composites.
Ziegel et al.
developed two indexes, known as K-B-G and K-B-, to investigate the interaction behaviors of polymer and filler by taking into account the particle size, density, structure, and voids of inorganic filler.
Kubat et al.
used the L-A-index to assess the interaction between the matrix phase and the reinforcement phase based on changes in the mechanical loss factor.
Zhang et al.
investigated the validity of using G, KE, and K-B-G for assessing the asphalt-filler interaction ability.
According to the findings, K-B-G could more clearly separate the impact of filler content on the change in asphalt-filler interaction behavior.
After comparing the sensitivity of K-B-, L-A-, G, and, Tan et al.
concluded that K-B- was more applicable than the other indices.
Liu et al.
evaluated the effects of temperature and loading frequency on the asphalt-filler interaction using four indices—G, K-B-G, L-A, and K-B—and discovered that the K-B-G index had the highest sensitivity of the four indices when the volume fraction was less than 40%.
Liu et al.
compared the performance of several indexes, including "G," "L-A," "K-B," and "K-B-G," to assess the asphalt-filler interaction capability.
They discovered that K-B was the best index for the job, with the highest sensitivity within the critical volume fraction range [30].
As previously stated, these studies made a significant contribution to the study of asphalt-filler interaction evaluation and provided an understanding of how to interpret the interaction's traits and behaviors.
Recent work focusing on the application of microscopic techniques has greatly aided understanding of the microstructural characteristics of asphalt binders.
According to Loeber et al's investigation of the interaction between polymer and asphalt binders, the aggregation of asphaltene could be clearly seen using a fluorescence microscope (FM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), or atomic force microscope (AFM).
Tan et al.
used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to describe the interaction between an asphalt binder and a filler, and discovered that it was primarily a physical process.
Using light microscopy, FM, and SEM, López et al.
proposed that the adsorption of rubber particles for bitumen components was the cause of the increase in viscosity of a rubber-modified asphalt binder.
Fischer et al.
used AFM to measure the contact angles between mineral filler particles and asphalt binders to account for the asphalt-filler interaction ability.
The adsorption effect of mineral particles on polar fractions in the asphalt binder causes asphaltene to aggregate onto the surface of filler particles, they discovered.
Nazzel et al.
demonstrated that the interaction between nanoclay and asphalt binder fractions improves material stiffness by examining the microstructural traits and mechanical behaviors of asphalt mastic.
According to Davis et alresearch's the adsorption of mineral filler for polar fractions in an asphalt binder would change the micro-morphologies of the asphalt binder and have an additional impact on the asphalt mastics' macro-rheological characteristics.
Li et al.
discovered using AFM that the more polar filler particles would strengthen the interaction between the asphalt and filler, resulting in a greater capacity for adhesion between the two.
Guo et al.
used AFM to show that the interaction between the asphalt and the filler increases the modulus of the adsorbed asphalt binder.
The addition of fly ash, according to Saha et al., may change the micelle morphology, increasing the stiffness of an asphalt binder.
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Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), Lv et al.
discovered that the surface micro-morphological characteristics of mineral particles influence how well asphalt binders adhere to mineral particles.
Other microscopic techniques, such as SEM, AFM, and FTIR, are undoubtedly useful for investigating how mineral fillers affect the microstructural properties of asphalt mastics.
In conclusion, previous research has increased our understanding of the viscoelastic properties and mechanical behaviors of asphalt mastics.
However, little consideration has been given to the extent and manner in which the microstructural characteristics will impact the interactions between the asphalt and filler.
To improve the engineering performance of asphalt mastics in the design process of asphalt mixtures, it is critical to gain a deeper understanding of the interaction between the asphalt and filler from a multi-scale perspective using a rheological-morphological coupling method.
As a result, the objectives of this study were to assess the capability of asphalt-filler interaction using macro-rheological measurements, investigate the mechanisms of asphalt-filler interaction linked to the microstructural features of asphalt mastics, and then investigate the relationship between mineral filler characteristics and the macro-micro performances of asphalt mastics.
This study specifically sought to:
Investigate the macro-rheological behaviors of asphalt mastic while considering various mineral filler types and contents, and evaluate the asphalt's ability to interact with the filler by selecting appropriate macro-rheological indices.
Develop the characteristics and mechanisms of the asphalt-filler interaction using physicochemical interaction analysis based on FTIR and micro-morphological characteristics observation based on SEM and AFM tests.
Create a grey relational analysis model to quantify the impact of mineral fillers on the macro-micro properties of asphalt mastics and the asphalt-filler interaction capability.
This study used a series of macro-rheological tests and micro-morphological observations of asphalt mastics to investigate the characteristics and mechanisms of the asphalt-filler interaction and to identify the correlation between the properties of mineral fillers and the macro-micro performances of asphalt mastics based on a grey relational analysis.
The following are the main findings:
The asphalt-filler interaction capability could be evaluated using the K-B- and K-B-G indices.
Furthermore, as the filler contents of the three asphalt mastics increased, the K-B- and K-B-G values increased.
Because no new absorption peaks were observed in the FTIR spectra, the interaction between the asphalt binder and filler was primarily caused by physical action.
Due to its rough and uneven micro surface, the limestone filler demonstrated the strongest asphalt-filler interaction ability when compared to the diabase and granite fillers.
The mineral filler adsorption for polar fractions and the mineral filler dispersion effect on wax crystals in the asphalt binder in AFM images demonstrated that the micro-morphological properties of the asphalt mastics were sensitive to the acidity and content of the mineral fillers.
The bee phase area, surface height, and surface roughness were also used to quantify the impact of the asphalt-filler interaction on the micro-morphological variations in the asphalt mastics.
The acidity and content of the filler particles had a greater influence on the macro-micro properties of the asphalt mastics through the GRA, whereas the SSA of the filler particles had a greater influence on the ability of the asphalt to interact with the filler.
The K-B-index has also been proposed as a more appropriate index for assessing the asphalt-filler interaction capability.
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