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The phrase "bitumen materials" is typically reserved for referring to things that either contain bitumen or are capable of producing bitumen as a byproduct.
The term "bitumen" refers to an amorphous, black, or dark-colored, (solid, semi-solid, or viscous) cementitious substance that is mostly made up of different types of hydrocarbons with a high molecular weight and is soluble in carbon disulfide.
Bitumen can be solid, semi-solid, or viscous. Bituminous materials typically consist of asphalts and tars and are used in applications related to civil engineering.
Asphalts can be obtained either from the natural environment (which are referred to as "natural asphalts") or through the processing of petroleum (petroleum asphalts).
Tars do not occur naturally; rather, they are produced as condensates during the processing of organic materials such as coal, petroleum, oil shale, wood, and other types of organic matter.
When tar undergoes a partial distillation process, it is eventually converted into a pitch. This process removes the volatile components of tar. In common parlance, the term "bituminous mixtures" refers to the various combinations of bituminous materials (in the capacity of binders), aggregates, and additives.
In this article, the fundamental ideas, methods, and procedures for utilizing bituminous materials and combinations in the construction of paved surfaces are discussed.
Because of the potential for the emission of hazardous fumes when tars are heated, the use of tars in highway buildings has been severely restricted in recent years.
This is because of the concerns regarding the emission of hazardous flumes. As a result, the majority of this chapter is dedicated to asphalts and asphalt mixtures.
- Various Bituminous Materials That Can Be Used in the Construction of Pavements
The term "asphalt cement" refers to a type of asphalt that has been subjected to further processing to improve its quality and homogeneity in preparation for its direct application in the construction of asphalt pavements.
In order for asphalt cement to become fluid enough to be combined and laid down, the material needs to be heated to an appropriate high temperature.
The term "cutback asphalt" refers to a type of liquid asphalt that is produced by combining asphalt with petroleum solvents (such as gasoline and kerosine).
Mixing and laying down cutback asphalt requires little to no heating up of the material at all. Following the application of cutback asphalt and subsequent exposure to the atmosphere, the solvent will slowly evaporate, leaving the asphalt cement to carry out its role as a binder.
Emulsified asphalt, also known as asphalt emulsion, is an emulsion of asphalt cement and water that also includes a trace quantity of an emulsifying agent. Emulsified asphalt is also known as asphalt emulsion.
The asphalt cement that makes up a typical emulsified asphalt is found in the form of extremely small globules that are suspended in water. Without using any heat at all, it is possible to mix and apply an asphalt that has been emulsified.
In order for asphalt cement to fulfill its role as a binder after an asphalt emulsion has been applied, there must be enough time for the emulsion to dissolve and the water to evaporate before the asphalt cement can begin to work.
In an inverted emulsified asphalt, minute globules of water are suspended in a liquid asphalt, which is often a cutback asphalt. This type of asphalt is referred to as "inverted" emulsified asphalt.
Inverted asphalt emulsions are utilized in paving applications only very infrequently. The grading of asphalt cement is often done using one of these three ways.
The first way is known as grading by penetration at 25 degrees Celsius, the second is known as grading by absolute viscosity at 60 degrees Celsius, and the third is known as grading by absolute viscosity of aged asphalt residue following the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) procedure.
In this section, these three techniques of grading as well as the corresponding ASTM specifications of asphalt cement are presented and reviewed. Also included in this section is a discussion of the ASTM specifications.
The cut-back variety of bitumen is the most common type. On the basis of the relative evaporation rates of the solvents contained inside them, cutback asphalts can be broken down into three primary categories.
These categories are: Asphalt cement and a volatile solvent with volatility comparable to that of naphtha or gasoline, which evaporates at a high pace, are the two components that make up a Rapid-Curing (RC) cutback asphalt.
A solvent in cutback asphalt with a Medium Curing (MC) rating has a volatility level comparable to that of kerosene and evaporates at a pace that falls somewhere in the middle. A Slow-Curing (SC) cutback asphalt often has oil with a volatility that is on the lower end.
A bituminous mixture is comprised of various bituminous materials (which serve as binders), aggregates that have been sorted appropriately, and various additives.
Because the asphalt has replaced tar as the most common binder material used in bituminous mixtures in recent years, the term "asphalt mixture" is now more commonly used to refer to a combination of asphalt materials, aggregates, and additives.
This is because the use of tar has become less common in recent years. It is common to practice categorizing asphalt mixes for use in paving applications according to either (1) the production processes employed or (2) the composition and properties of the mixture.
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