It is a very interesting subject. To explain how the top layer of cowhide leather first, as a leather expert, we should think about the second. We have to know more about the different layers of cowhide leather. Skin can be defined using three criteria: structural, embryological, or functional. 
Structural Criterion: From this point of view, it is defined as an organ comprised of three layers: Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis. In all three tissues, intervene: Epithelial, Conjunctive, Muscular, and Nervous. The entire epidermis is a highly complex specialized epithelium, while the dermis and hypodermis comprise connective tissue Embryological criterion: It comprises three layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm Functional criterion: The skin is a vital organ that has specific functions : Highly effective protection organ It is also a thermoregulatory organ that fulfills the function of maintaining body temperature and fulfills it based on certain fundamental structures: sweat glands and vascularization (blood supply) It is a sensory organ since it has a series of nerve branches with motor functions scattered over its entire surface . It is a blood reservoir 
It acts as a deposit for certain chemical substances, such as lipids It is an organ of secretion of different products ranging from sweat to much more elaborate products such as milk Skin is the lining of higher animals. It is a heterogeneous substance, generally covered with hair or wool and comprised of several superimposed layers The skin responds to the physiological changes of the animal; therefore, it will reflect in it many important and specific characteristics such as age, sex, diet, environment, and state of health The histological structure of skin differs from one species to another and even in the same animal, depending on the part that has been taken as a sample. However, we should not forget that first, we have to remove the wool and hairs to reach the valuable layers of the hides.
top layer cowhide leather
Regarding top layer cowhide leather, we have to say that leather quality varies greatly. 
It is that you have seen different labels on leather goods, such as top grain or genuine. These are simply different types of skins based on their quality. If you want to get the best value for your money, you not only need to know where to buy leather, but you also need to know how to distinguish between the different types. You'll need to understand why some materials last longer than others and why a particular leather bag costs thousands while others cost a fraction of that price. So what is the best leather? The best quality of leather will depend on these crucial factors, among which are :
- Type of animal and breed
- Physical location and climate where the animal lived
- Part of the skin from which the leather was cut
- The leather layer used (top-grain, full-grain, split)
- Quality and skill of processing and tanning
Different breeds of cows will produce different quality hides due to their genetics and environment. Warm climates tend to have insects that bite the animal and leave scars, while cold climates do not suffer as much from pests. Certain breeds may have more protective hair or thicker fur due to the weather Different parts of the skin also produce different quality leather. For example, the bottom tends to have looser fibers that make up the skin. The looser fibers fluff up and swell when wet. The lower parts of the skin also tend to be marked much more easily by insects and scratches like barbed wire. There are also more wrinkles in the skin around the legs, neck, and head. These scars and wrinkles become permanent and are almost impossible to remove in leather processing. what does ? first layer of cowhide leather mean 
Regarding the above subject, what does the first layer of cowhide leather mean? First, we must know how to recognize the first layer of cowhide and the second layer of cowhide?
- The touch is expert; feel the touch and feel fleshy. The layman, press with your hands; there are wrinkles when pressed; the leather is not thick; it is natural cowhide, which is the first layer of leather; otherwise, it is the second layer of leather
- The size of the width, the first layer of leather retains the entire area of the wet blue leather, the width of the leather material is larger, and the leather surface is well-proportioned. For the second layer of skin, there will be more loss when the scalp is cut, the skin area will be much smaller than the scalp, and there will be more disability parts
- Tear strength, according to the vehicle manufacturer's requirements, the tear strength of leather material is 40kg/cm². Specifically, an adult can easily tear the second layer of skin after a small cut
- Grain texture The scalp layer contains the papilla layer, which has a natural grainy surface and pores. When you press it down with your hand, the natural wrinkles in the leather will be stretched out. Although two-layer leather has artificial imitation lines, it does not have pores. When pressed down by hand, the faux leather wrinkles on the layer or peritoneum will not change or shrink
- The higher the level of the first layer of cowhide, the thinner the skin, and the best first layer is as thin as paper. The second layer of cowhide is the thickest because the second layer of cowhide is the first layer of leather, and then the polyethylene material is added.
second layer cowhide leather
As said before, each hide or skin has different layers, including the first and the second layer of cowhide leather. In this part, we will focus on which part of the various layers of leather is better because not all parts of the leather are of equal quality or serve the same purpose. 
We will not go into what type of leather it is according to each animal because each one has its value depending on each application, but what we are going to see is valid for most skins or leathers, so what type of leather is better? Leather products, primarily if they are worked by hand, are usually expensive, not only because of the labor but also the rest of the elements of the product. For example, a good leather travel bag will cost between €300 and €1,300, as we can see in the article The best leather travel bags. Many manufacturers use this price range to strain authentic slop, with straps that come undone, handles that crack, and leather that deteriorates in less than a year. If you spend €600 on a leather bag, you don't want to be disappointed later because it should be a product for life What type of leather is better? If you want leather for life, then look for Full-grain or grain leather 
If you are looking for versatility and sound resistance, choose top grain leather It's best to avoid genuine leather, although sometimes it seems that "genuine" translates in our minds like this: Genuine leather, natural leather, not the plastic stuff they sell out there With the above explanations, you have to choose your leather products according to your budget and expectations from your required leather product.
second layer cowhide leather
in this part, we would like to discuss the first and second layers of cowhide leather. The dermis is generally divided into two types, the first layer of leather and the second layer of leather; even if it is not an expert, it is easy to hear first layer 
The top layer of leather is the first layer of cowhide (e.g. cowhide). The surface of the leather has original skin properties. The first layer of skin should be the best. Of course, the first layer of skin is also good or bad. The top skin layer is divided into standard green skin (tree paste skin\grass and wood paste skin) and common standard skin (color spray repair skin). The first layer of skin is processed directly from the raw skin of various animals, or the thicker skin of cattle, pigs, horses, and other animal skins is cut into two layers, and the upper part of the fiber tissue is processed into various heads. Second layer The second layer of cowhide leather is divided into two or even three layers. Basically, it is reprocessed with the leftovers of the first layer of leather. It is a two-layer part with a loose fiber structure, processed by spraying or coating chemical material with PVC or PU film. The two-layer leather is divided into two-layer second-layer leather and two-layer second-layer leather. 
The two-ply leather is obtained by splitting the thick skin with a leather machine. The first layer of leather is used to make full-grain leather or to trim leather. The second layer is made into two-layer leather through a series of processes such as painting or filming; hence it is also known as filming cowhide.
cowhide leather layer
Let's talk about the cowhide leather layer.If skin or hide is divided into several layers over the entire surface, this process is called "splitting." Often thicker leather - especially from cattle, which provides skins 5 to 10 millimeters thick - is split. The layers obtained in this way are called grain split (outer split), flesh split (lower split), and with heavier skins, core split (middle split or intermediate split) can also occur. The leather split down is rough on both sides, like the back of the leather. 
When adjusting the splitting machine, the tanner must bear in mind that the strength of the leather is more significant due to the water content of the wet hide. The water content of a wet hide is three times the dry weight of the leather. Soaked with water, leather is thicker. The tanner must consider this difference in thickness when setting the splitting machine so that the desired leather thickness comes out of the dry leather. The "grain gap" is considered to be more valuable. The fiber structure is much denser in the upper layers or the grain area and is, therefore, more tear-resistant. It is processed as smooth leather.After leaving the tannery, the term "grain gap" is no longer used. Depending on the type of leather, the leather dealer through to the end customer then uses terms such as "smooth leather", "aniline leather", "nappa" etc. The term "gap" no longer appears in connection with the grain side. The lower split with the two rough sides is then no longer referred to as "meat split", but as "split leather", "split velor" or "velours leather" or with the generic term "rough leather". In order to make the types of leather easier to understand for the layperson, that's a good thing. This makes it clear that the term "gap" always means the less stable lower layer. 
what is top layer cowhide leather
We, as a result of this,would like to clarify what top layer cowhide leather is. However, let us look at the different kinds of leather: What are the natural leather Types? In general, natural leather types can be classified as follows: (Top Grain) Top Level-Premium Quality Leather: It contains the outer layer of hide known as leather, which contains thinner, denser fibers and provides preservation. It may also include some of the more fibrous substrates known as corium based on thickness. Premium leather types include: Full-Grain or Grain leather includes the entire leather layer without any surface removal. It is generally considered to be the highest quality leather. Furniture and shoes are usually made of full-grain leather. 
Grain leather is typically finished with a soluble aniline dye. Russian leather is known as a form of full-grain leather. Refined grain leather has a treated surface to create a more homogeneous appearance. It usually involves polishing or sanding the imperfections in grain leather, followed by painting and embossing the surface. Nubuck is a premium leather of grain leather that has been sanded or polished, creating a velvet-like surface. What Are natural Leather Types According to Animal Types? The types of leather can be listed as follows:
- Calfskin
- Sheepskin
- Lambskin
- Goatskin
What are the Genuine Leather Types According to the Raw State Before the Process? 
Raw leather types are:
- Full -Grain / all grain leather
- Top- Grain / close-to-top grain leather
- Genuine Leather / Split Leather
- Bonded / Salpa Leather
What is the Most Preferred Leather Types? Today, leather is mainly used for making shoes. Among the leather types obtained from animals, the most used ones for shoe making are grain and goat leather. According to the unprocessed state of the leather before processing, its varieties are full -grain, top grain, split and salpa leather. 
first layer cowhide leather
In the previous parts, we talked about the different layers of cowhide leather. Let's talk about the hides first. There are different names - hides, skins, and leather. Where then is the difference? Why is it called, for example, cowhide, calfskin, or pigskin? The larger animals leave whole skins, while smaller animals release the skin On the other hand, leather hides that have been tanned - are cleaned, haired, and treated with tanning substances of various kinds. To avoid making matters too much complicated, only three terms are often used. Skins are whole skins from larger animals, skins are thin, and leather is thicker qualities. In addition to these three names, leather is divided into aniline, semi-aniline, and cover-colored leather. These different types of leather depend on which animal the skin comes from and how they are treated. 
Leather from domestic animals can be Calf leather, Horse leather, Ox leather, Pig leather, and lambskin. Leather from wild animals can be deer, reindeer, or elk. Different types of tanning are made from different skins. Now let's talk about the first layer of the skin and its famous product, full-grain leather. This type of leather is also called pure leather. The leather fibers are made most strongly and durably possible, which do not crack, peel, resist moisture, tear, or puncture; each piece of the beauty of full grain leather tells the story of the animal's life and tanning methods. All marks and irregularities are preserved, wounds suffered by the animal against a barbed-wire fence or a cactus or insect bites, even the trademarks are clearly visible on this leather; anyone who owns full-grain leather knows that with age, This leather becomes more beautiful and with the passing of years its spiritual richness is added.
0
0