Plastic and polymer has an almost 200 year’s origin which was built throughout the years. Nowadays there are many types and examples available in domestic and international market. A material's surface can be worn away by a process known as abrasion, which is caused by friction. In addition, the resistance of a material to abrasion can be measured using an abrasive or an abrasive equipment. Qualities of the physical realm Procedures for determining the mass or density in volume as well as the relative density (ASTM D-792, D-1505, ISO 1183) The mass of an object divided by its volume gives you its density. Density is typically stated in grams per cubic centimeter, although the suitable and precise unit that may be determined or synthesized from the SI units for mass and volume is "kilogram per cubic meter." The ratio of the mass of one volume of matter to the mass of the same volume of water at 23 degrees Celsius (73 degrees Fahrenheit) is the definition of relative density. The relative density of a substance is a dimensionless quantity that does not vary at all and stays the same no matter what measuring technique is used.
- Mold shrinkage test (ASTM D-955, ISO 2577)
The size of the mold portion is impacted when linear shrinkage occurs in the mold. The finished section with a larger size is the mold cavity, which is what you desire. After the part has finished contracting, the dimensional specifications that have been specified should have been reached. 
- Creep Test of Tensile Materials (ASTM D-2990.ISO 899)
The phenomena that occurs when a weight is draped on a sample and the form of the sample changes over time is referred to as creep. Creep also refers to the change in length or dimension as well as the change in strain that results from this occurrence. Cold flow is the term used to describe creep that happens at room temperature.
- Examination of Viscosity
The quality of a liquid that describes the degree to which it resists flow on its own is referred to as its viscosity. The higher the viscosity, the less the liquid moves around in the container. The viscosity is measured in Pascals. The unit of measurement is known as poise, and it is seconds (Pa). Thermal qualities of the object
- A Test of the Thermal Conductivity (ASTM C-177)
- A test for the precise measurement of heat (heat capacity)
- Evaluation of the coefficient of thermal expansion (ASTM D-696, D-864)
- Temperature deviation test (ASTM D-648, ISO 75)
- The cold resistance test determines if the material is combustible or not.
- Melt index determination test (ASTM D-1238, ISO 1133)
- An examination of the glass transition temperature (Tg)
- Evaluation of the point of softening (ASTM D-1525, ISO 306)
Environment properties
- Chemical properties
- Determine your ability to endure weather erosion or other bad weather conditions. • Perform an ultraviolet resistance test. • Conduct an absorption test. • Perform a biochemical resistance test. • Perform a cohesion test owing to stress.
Optical characteristics
- Test to determine light transmittance • Test to determine color • Test to determine fracture index
Electrical characteristics • Electric arc resistance test • Resistivity test • Tests of electrical properties
- Test of the dielectric constant • Test of the ability to withstand voltage
- Tests to discover the factor contributing to the loss
Processing and polishing of components made of plastic and composite materials You will gain a basic understanding of a few different machining procedures in the next section. Additional processes, including as shaping, cutting, coating, and annealing, are frequently necessary for the production of molded plastic parts. Sanctions Plastic can be sliced through with about any kind of saw blade you can imagine. Plastic trim and trim can be cut with saw blades designed for bag saws, thatcher saws, conventional hand saws, and reciprocating saws designed for jewelry manufacturers. The blade of the saw is of critical significance. 
The plastic origin
Thermoset plastic has an extremely hard and brittle origin, and filing them produces very tiny crumbs in the form of a soft powder. A Saab aluminum straight rib file with cross-cutting teeth at a 45 degree angle is available for filing these materials. Nazam's bromoset and thermoplastic parts can also be stamped, blanked, and die-cut utilizing stapling dies, flake cutters, and blade dies. Of course, these operations are limited to flat pieces that are less than 6 mm [0.23 in] thick. Turning, milling, planning, shaping, and routing are all examples of machine operations. Hss and carbide cutting tools appropriate for aluminum and brass turning are required for plastic turning. Plastic turning has the same cutting speed and progress as aluminum and brass. The climbing cut method is popular for plastic milling because it produces a good surface. In parallel milling, the workpiece moves in the same direction as the milling blade rotates.
- Cutting heat
A heated blade can be used to cut hard polymers and foams. Hard plastics are cut with hot blades, while foam and expanded plastics are cut with hot wires. This technique yields a chip-free, smooth sliced surface.
- Buffing and smoothing
Plastic surface smoothing and polishing is similar to that of wood, metal, and glass. Of course, the elastic characteristics and limited heat resistance of bromoplastics make grinding processes difficult to use for finishing work. Reinforced plastics and most composites can be sanded well instead of thermoplastics. Grinding is, of course, not recommended for most plastics.
- Post-curing and annealing
Internal stress is created during the forming, machining, finishing, and other manufacturing activities on plastics and composite materials. Chemicals used in this technique can cause the part to become sensitive and break. Rapid cooling of molded plastic components after they have been removed from the mold or annealed causes internal stress because the chemical reaction of polymerization continues even after the operation is completed. 
Following molding, the composite part is typically placed in a mold using a particular jig, where all annealing is completed, the chemical reaction inside is complete, and the temperature is the same as the environment. Heat treatment can be used to reduce internal tensions in many plastic and composite products. Annealing is the process of heating a workpiece to a temperature below its melting point, keeping it at that temperature for an extended length of time, and then slowly cooling it. All plastic machined pieces must be pre-bonded and annealed before the forming process begins. Clamping unit for injection molding injection device
- Injection machine specs (clamping tonnage) • Injection molding step • Injection molding advantages • Injection molding disadvantages
- Granular and plate-shaped thermosetting materials are formed. Molding by compression
- Molding by transfer
Resins, powders, and plastic particles can all be transformed into useful items throughout the molding process. All forming processes have one thing in common: they all involve the utilization of force. Forming powdered and granular plastic materials necessitates a great deal of force. Filling the mold with liquid resin, on the other hand, requires significantly less force. Because there are several plastic molding techniques, the three major classes have been briefly discussed: injection molding, compression molding, and transfer molding.
- Molding by injection
Injection molding is a popular way of making plastic parts. This method is used to make TV bodies, monitors, CD players, spectacles, toothbrushes, vehicle parts, and many more things. Except for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamides, certain aromatic polyesters, and a few other specialty polymers, injection molding can be used on all thermoplastics. Using a temperature controller-specific injection molding machine (IMM), phenol, melamine, and other materials, 
The polymer origin
The Polymer have a mineral origin. Epoxies, silicones, polyesters, and elastomers were among the materials he employed. All of these materials are injected molded with enough heat to cause the plastic particles to "flow" into the mold and its channels. As a result, this material is injected under pressure into a closed mold, filling all of the holes in the cast and giving it the proper shape. After the material has completely cooled and frozen, the mold is opened and the plastic workpiece is removed. The injection machine is built horizontally and vertically to identify the mold's opening and closing direction. After the horizontal injection machine's mold is opened, the workpiece falls down and exits the machine via a channel or conveyor belt. Vertical injection machines do not have this problem. Metal pieces are often inserted into plastic polymers using vertical injection machines. According to b, vertical injection machines take up less room than horizontal machines. Because there are several stations in the mold, the mold consumption cost is cheaper. The injection device and clamping device are crucial components of the plastic injection hub machine. Injection apparatus This device's function is to melt the plastic and inject it into the mold. The device includes pieces for spiral movement such as a feed hopper, spiral shell, shell end cover, nozzle, spiral, one-way valve, heating strip, spiral rotating motor, and hydraulic cylinder. 
The heat delivered to the plastic, the rotation period, and the back-and-forth motion of the helix can all be controlled by the machine's control system. The spiral rod's performance determines the speed and efficiency with which the plastic particles are melted. Clamping system This device's function is to open and close the mold as well as to remove the workpiece from the mold. Hydraulic force or a toggle lock with hydraulic actuation are two popular techniques of supplying mold locking force.
- Specifications for injection machines (clamping tonnage)
Injection molding machines can have significant aspects that represent their capabilities, such as shot size injection capacity and clamping tonnage.
- Dosage of infusion
The largest amount of plastic material that the machine can inject into the mold in each cycle is referred to as injection capacity. Because the plastic forks differ, the comparison criteria must be defined. The standard plastic for this examination is polystyrene. A very small laboratory dosage machine has a maximum capacity of 20 gr [0.70 oz]. Some huge machine machines have the capacity to produce more than 6 kg every cycle.
- Mold seal
The greatest force that the machine can apply to the mold is referred to as locking tonnage. Injection machines are categorised into three sizes based on their tonnage: small, medium, and giant. The maximum lock on small tonnage machines is 99 tons. The typical tonnage of automobiles is 2000-100, while the tonnage of major injection equipment exceeds 2000 tons. Large injection molding machines built in the traditional manner. It has a tonnage capacity of 10,000 tons.
- Injection molding procedure
A plastic injection operation involves five phases in each cycle. 
The plastic types and examples
These are the plastic types and process example for its production: 1- Close the mold 2- With the linear motion of the helical rod, a one-way valve located at the helical end does not allow the molten plastic to turn back, so the helical rod sends the hot molten plastic into the mold cavity with this movement. . . 3- The spiral rod continues to apply pressure to the plastic until the plastic material inside the mold freezes and the pressure connection breaks. Any more time is wasted. 4- The injection pressure is shut off and the spiral rod starts to rotate to feed new molten material from the funnel. The rotation of the rod continues and the material is pushed forward, preparing a sufficient amount of plastic material for injection into the mold in the next cycle. The rod is then moved back slightly to prevent the molten plastic from dripping into the mold channel. 5- The mold opens and the eject pin ejects the workpiece. Advantages of the injection molding process 1- High production number. 2- Possibility of planting metal and non-metal parts in plastic. 3- Small parts can be produced with complex shapes and precise dimensional tolerances. 4- Multiple types of plastic material can be used in one piece. 5- No additional work is required for most production parts. 6- Reusability of production plastic waste. 7- Possibility to produce structural parts from foams with reactive injection molding methods. 8- Ability to fully automate the process. 
Disadvantages of injection molding 1- Small quantity production is not possible. 2- Injection machines are expensive. 3- There is a lot of competition in this field of production. 4- It is a complex process.
- Forming of granular and plate-shaped thermosetting materials
- Compression molding
One of the oldest processes for forming thermoset materials is compression molding. In this method, a plastic material is placed into the cavity of a mold and heat and pressure are applied to form it. Typically this method is used to form thermoset materials, but sometimes thermoplastic materials can also be produced this way. This method is similar to how to create a cookie. When you apply pressure and heat to the plastic material, it fills every part of the mold. When heated, the plastic hardens. And it can be removed from the mold. There are generally six main steps in a compression molding operation. 1- Clean the mold and apply a release agent (if necessary) inside the mold cavity. 2- Place the piece of preform inside the mold. 3- Close the mold. 4- Open the mold slightly so that the gas produced can be vented (breathing of the mold). 5- Application of heat and pressure for complete machining of the material (time to keep the mold closed). 6- Fully open the mold, remove the workpiece and place it on the fixture. 
Advantages of the compression molding method 1- Reduce the amount of wasted material. 2- The mold making cost is low. 3- The ability to perform the process manually and automatically. 4- Possibility of producing round and large parts. 5- Minimize material flow inside the mold and reduce the stress on the workpiece and wear on the mold surface. No need to balance the raw material supply system when making 6-multi-cavity molds. Disadvantages of the compression molding method 1- Complex parts cannot be produced. 2- This process may damage the internal plastic implant parts and the protruding pins. 3- The complexity of the shape of the workpiece must be eliminated. 4- Cycle time for each molding can be long. 5- Discarded parts and molding waste cannot be reused. 6- Parts can be difficult to remove. 7-Parts of the mold may not be filled, and the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece may not always be a function of the mold dimensions. 8- It may be necessary to use additional equipment to automate operations. The parts that can be produced this way are tableware, buttons, hooks, home appliance parts, large tanks and many electrical parts. Transfer molding This method has been known since World War II. This method is also known by other names such as plunger molding, transfer injection molding, and impact molding. In this method, the plastic material is first poured into a tank outside of the mold, which becomes a molten mass and is finally pushed into the mold. Due to the fluidity of the plastic as it enters the mold, it is possible to plant metal parts in this way. Even complex and precisely shaped parts can be produced this way. Two types of templates are used in this method. 1- Mold with intermediate channel (pot or sprue mold) 2- Plunger mold