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Pakistan is home to around thirty distinct fruit species, the most prevalent of which are citrus fruits. Punjab province is responsible for the production of more than 90 percent of citrus fruits, which are subsequently marketed via multiple value chains to both domestic and foreign customers. The majority of Pakistan's citrus harvest is consumed locally without any processing, while between 10% and 12% is exported. The eventual destination of citrus fruit in these supply networks is decided by a range of participants and the type of the value chains in which they participate (s). With this knowledge, the major purpose of the research is to catalog the different citrus fruit (Kinnow) value chains in Pakistan and describe the roles and responsibilities of the various players working within these chains. To get a deeper understanding of the citrus value chain in Pakistan, a research was conducted in 2013–2014 with the involvement of several industry participants (s). Convenience sampling was used to interview 245 inhabitants of three main citrus-growing areas over the period of four to five months. It was observed that citrus value chains fall into two basic types. These are the "raw" and "processed" citrus value chains, respectively. In the past, preharvest contracts were prevalent among citrus farmers, and only a handful of growers sold their oranges directly to local and foreign markets. In recent years, cultivators have changed and grown more market-oriented, eventually altering the ratio. The Citrus Industry in Pakistan It is possible to attribute Pakistan's economic prosperity on its agriculture sector. The agricultural industry of Pakistan benefits from the country's abundant resources, verdant topography, well-irrigated plains, and changeable seasons. A considerable majority of the population (about two-thirds) still relies on agriculture for survival, despite the fact that agriculture's share of GDP has been declining. Agriculture is one of the most significant contributors to the nation's economy. In 2014-2015, crop production was anticipated to reach 116 million tons. Pakistan harvests around 13.5 million metric tons of fresh food annually. In 2014-2015, 7.01 million metric tons of fruit were gathered, representing 48.3 percent of the overall fruit and vegetable crop.1.1. 
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Citrus manufacturing In general, fruit output in Pakistan is increasing, with the exception of 2006–07, when fruit and citrus fruit yields saw a sharp fall due to bad weather (a major hailstorm) and a shortage of water. Both production and the overall area under fruit trees have increased. Citrus fruits are by far the most frequent in terms of production, followed by mangoes, dates, and guavas. In 2014-2015, citrus production accounted for 35.2% of the world's total fruit crop, totaling 2.4 million metric tons. Citrus fruits include mandarins (Kinnow), oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes, with mandarins (Kinnow) being of particular importance to Pakistan. Pakistan produces around 2.0 MMT of citrus fruit (mostly Kinnow) annually. There has been no increase in the area allocated to citrus agriculture, yet production has increased by as much as 30.8% between 1991 and 1992. Pakistan increased its citrus output from 1.62 million tonnes in 1991–1992 to 2.11 million tonnes in 2008–2009 and 2.41 million tonnes in 2014–2015, a total increase of 1.42 million tonnes. Although citrus fruit production increased from 1993 to 1994, it has began to decline after 1999. A certain temperature range must be maintained in order for citrus fruit to ripen correctly. Consequently, the climatic variability of Pakistan's citrus trees may contribute to the region's inconsistent citrus fruit yield. Extreme temperature changes reduced citrus yield from 2. 4 million tonnes to 1.4 million tonnes in 2006-2007; yet, the area under citrus fruit trees did not alter. Historically, citrus fruit production has been most widespread in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Sindh, and Baluchistan. Among the four provinces, Punjab is commonly considered as the most significant for citrus growing. According to the Pakistan Horticulture Development and Export Company (PHDEC) (2005), the state of Punjab is responsible for over 90 percent of the nation's Kinnow output, whereas the province of KPK is predominantly responsible for orange production. 
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Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh, and Mandi Bahauddin are all citrus-growing regions in the Punjab province. Some other areas also farm a small quantity of citrus fruits, albeit often of a different kind. The mandarins (Feutrell's Early and Kinnow) and sweet oranges (Mausami or Musambi and Red Blood) cultivated in Pakistan are of great importance. Table 2 lists the citrus fruits farmed in this country. In 2014-2015, 97.1% of all citrus fruit was collected in Punjab, which is recognized as the heartland of citrus production. The three districts of Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh, and Mandi Bahauddin generate over 62% of the citrus fruit produced in Punjab province. According to the Pakistan Horticulture Development & Export Company (PHDEC), Bhalwal, situated in the district of Sargodha, is the epicenter of Kinnow (mandarin) production, with a yearly output of 650,000 metric tons. That year, 1.29 percent of Pakistan's citrus crop originated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), 1.26 percent in Sindh, and 0.29 percent in Baluchistan. Baluchistan's citrus fruit yield increased in the late 1990s [3, 6, 9], mostly due to an increase in the overall area devoted to citrus growing. The province of Punjab produced 1.80 million tons of Kinnow in 2009-2010, followed by 94,000 tons of oranges and other citrus fruits. Kinnow was responsible for 87.1% of the total citrus production and 80% of the total citrus-growing acreage in Punjab. Oranges account for 4.5 percent of the state's total citrus production and 6 percent of the state's total citrus acreage in Punjab, a close second to Kinnow. The grapefruit yield was the lowest, coming in at just 3,000 metric tons. The intake of citrus fruits 1.2 The consumption of fresh citrus fruits in developing nations has increased, although it remains much lower than in developed ones. The consumption of citrus fruits in Pakistan has been mostly consistent since 1999, with the exception of a dramatic fall in 2007 to 7.8 kg per person from 13.5 kg in 2006. 
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Even though citrus production climbed from 1.8 million tonnes in 1999 to 2.1 million tonnes in 2009, the pace of population growth may be a significant factor in keeping consumption almost steady. The per capita income increased from $450.00 in 1999 to $917.00 in 2009. However, the local supply and availability of citrus fruit in the country decreased dramatically, with production dropping from 2.4 million tonnes in 2006 to 1.4 million tonnes in 2007. This resulted in a significant decline in per capita consumption. Due to a decrease in citrus fruit exports from 151.3 thousand tonnes in 2004 to 79.2 thousand tonnes in 2005, the highest peak of 2005 in Figure 3 represents the highest per capita consumption of citrus fruit. The Kinnow mandarin accounts for over 97% of the nation's citrus fruit exports. In 2014-2015, Pakistan exported 393 thousand tonnes of citrus fruit for $204 million, which represented around 16.4% of the country's total citrus production. In 2009-2010, citrus exports generated a revenue of $99.4 million, a threefold increase from 2000-2001. Despite an increase in productivity, only a minute proportion (8-12%) of citrus fruit is exported. The great majority of farmers in Pakistan cultivate pieces of land that are less than 2 hectares. In comparison, the average size of a citrus farm in Punjab was 12.3 hectares, which was much higher than farms producing the vast majority of other crops. Depending on your location in the country, citrus groves may be as little as 1 hectare or as vast as 65 hectares. There are a few large citrus growers, but the great majority are small or medium-sized companies. Pakistan's wide agricultural value chains start with citrus producers and processors. As with the vast majority of fruit kinds, the private sector dominates the citrus fruit value chain. However, the government facilitates business transactions by building the required institutional structure and regulatory procedures. Growers of agricultural crops are exploited by marketing intermediaries who want exorbitant profits on their investments. 
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The relationship between a pre-harvest contractor and citrus farmers is the first phase in the citrus fruit value chain. According to Chaudry, Figure 5 represents typical citrus value chains in Pakistan. In the "Results" and "Discussion" sections that follow, we shall describe the role of each member in the citrus value chain. Although the responsibilities of all players in these value chains are comparable to those in other food value chains, the most prominent actor in Pakistan's citrus value chains [15, 16] is the pre-harvest contractors. Concerns arise in light of the country's increasing output, consistent domestic consumption, and readily available surplus of citrus fruit for export. Determine the important players in citrus value chains. Why aren't more citrus fruits exported, considering their abundant availability? This study aims to solve these concerns by identifying and evaluating the numerous citrus fruit (Kinnow) value chains in operation in Pakistan, as well as by identifying and addressing the role and functions of each value chain member in Pakistan's citrus industry. Additionally, the report emphasizes the future opportunities and dangers confronting Pakistan's citrus sector. Technique 2 The research questions decided whether qualitative (exploratory) or quantitative (descriptive and inferential) methods were used in this study. In 2013–2014, a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used to do research on Pakistan's citrus industry. The primary data came from surveys, while the secondary data came from a variety of sources, such as academic publications, government documents, and firm annual reports. Over the course of four to five months, researchers conducted interviews with 245 residents in the major citrus-growing areas of Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh, and Mandi Bahauddin. The study was completed by 1,266 citrus growers, 99 pre-harvest contractors, and 20 processing factories/exporters from these three areas. 
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Population size (sample frame), time restrictions, and budgetary limits all contributed to the selection of an appropriate sampling technique for the respondents. To get a comprehensive understanding of the responsibilities and contributions of the many actors in the citrus value chains, in-depth interviews were conducted with industry officials. In addition, it assisted in the identification and study of the nation's many value chains. It also identified possible opportunities and challenges for Pakistan's citrus sector. The statistical software We analyzed our data using PASW-21, previously SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions), to identify any trends. Using Fisher's exact test, the significance of many demographic characteristics and the choice of value chain, particularly the choice of pre-harvest contractor, were evaluated. According to the results of this poll, the great majority (76.2%) of citrus farmers were middle-aged people (between the ages of 31 and 60), while just 6.3% belonged to the extremely young group (under the age of 25). In contrast, around 17% of citrus growers were over the age of 60. More over ninety percent of citrus growers had at least a fifth-grade education, and just 3.2% were illiterate. Recent data indicate that the percentage of literacy is increasing in the citrus-producing areas of Pakistan, which should help the business develop and make farmers more aware of market potential. According to the research, over 80% of citrus farmers have substantial knowledge and have worked in the citrus industry for many years. The majority of citrus growers had fewer than 20 acres of citrus groves. 