Today, flat wall panels are increasingly used due to their structural, architectural and MEP advantages. Of course, this comes with a set of design features – negligible in conventional frame structures (such as punched shears) – that structural engineer must consider achieving safety and performance. Some of the main advantages of using a tablet: Reduce manual labor for concrete formwork Reduce the number of templates Smooth interior surfaces for architects and mechanical engineers. At first glance, modeling a slab structure with FEM software is simple.
However, the special feature that must be considered in the design of the floor slab is that the internal forces in the floor slab are concentrated directly above the columns and consider the local resistance of the floor slab at the column head. This is mainly due to the method used to create the analytical model using the finite element method. This is due to the way the linear finite element (column) is connected to the surface finite element (in plane) through a node. To illustrate this phenomenon, the image above shows a graphical representation of the bending moment in the form of a plot created in the FEM mesh node. The network is dense on one of the columns and is twice the density of the global network. Critical sections require an increase in discretization density, which leads to an increase in power concentration. In addition, the classical finite element analysis underestimates the stiffness of the column-sheet connection. In fact, the slab is placed on a column of a certain size and does not physically experience this bending as in the case of point support. This leads to the fact that in the case of slabs, the bending moment transferred from the slab to the column may be greatly underestimated.
How are steel slabs made large
Steel Slab Design
The literature offers many solutions to this phenomenon. In general, thickening the plate near the column increases stiffness and shear strength, and increases the critical cross-sectional area. In fact, by removing these thickened panels at the same time in the analysis, it increases the support area beyond the area of a single FEM node, explaining the forces from the column edges. However, this is a labor-intensive method. Also, it is very sensitive to any changes in design. GRAITEC Advance Design smoothest column-level results by automatically creating rigid constraints that simulate the high stiffness of column-steel plate connections. For further comparison, bending moment diagrams (envelopes) for the corresponding directions on the columns are provided. The model is prepared as a separate story - the post is fixed at its end, but the TZ is released at the top.
How to cut stainless steel sheets
In the present case, the column is supported by a node with the slab, which leads to an underestimation of stiffness. This feature uses rigid node connections to connect main column nodes to adjacent FEM mesh nodes. The area where the mesh nodes are connected is controlled by the thickness of the plate. For linear elements, such as columns, the nodes are connected at a distance from the column edge. Thanks to this, we can create connections at the edges of the columns. Most importantly, the tool automatically adjusts the FEM mesh, and although the column edge nodes do not initially exist, they are automatically created during the meshing process. Columns can have any aspect ratio - in each case the mesh is created correctly because it is not defined by the radius, but by the section of the column. Additionally, these nodes relate to rigid joints - this is also automatic. They ensure reduced torque in the column area and additional tightening of this connection.
Steel Structure Slab
As a global software editor for design, structure, manufacture, and data management and as one of the largest Autodesk partners in the world, Graitec can support your digital transformation in AEC. From initial conceptual design to analysis and construction, Graitec offers a unique proposition to all its customers by combining the best of Graitec's innovative technology with Autodesk's market-leading technologies such as AutoCAD, Revit, and Inventor. Graitec then supports you in technology adoption, coverage, training, implementation, and consulting through the market leading BIMUp program. In the plane moment diagram, the forces in the column region are almost zero - from the point of view of the rebar design, they are not important. The column edge moment is larger than the original model. It can be concluded that with an FEM nodal brace, manually reading the moment at the edge of the column will result in an underestimation of the moment above the brace in the slab - and therefore in the column. 
Underestimating moments in slabs can lead to redistribution or cracking, but underestimating moments in columns can have disastrous consequences. As you can see, the moments in the column have almost doubled. As a result, finite element modeling of building structures poses many problems for engineers. Depending on the structure, there will be different problems that require specific steps to analyze the simulation as closely as possible to what happens. Designers often underestimate this effect or use various simplifications, mainly due to the time nature of known solutions. Advance Design tools allow us to solve these problems automatically. 
Slab Steel Quantity Calculation
Estimating the amount of reinforcement for concrete slabs, foundations, and columns, beams, etc. is important for estimating construction costs. Design drawings are used as the basis for calculating the amount of reinforcement in various structural elements. This article describes the procedure for calculating the amount of steel products used for slabs, columns, and foundations. Calculate the amount of steel in the slab Obtain slab dimensions and reinforcement details from design drawings, as shown in Figure 1. Primary Rebar Number of Rebars = (Slab Length (L)/Distance) + 1 Equation 1 Shrinkage and Temperature Rebar Number of Rebars = (Slab Length (S)/Distance) + 1 Equation 2 In Equation 1, the center comes from the center-to-main and shrinkage bar spacing and temperature are used in Equation 2. 
- Calculation of cutting length: cutting length of main steel bar = transparent opening (S) + Ld. + oblique length + 2x45 degree bending equation 3 Rebar shrinkage and temperature cutting length = transparent opening (S) + Ld. + oblique length + 2x45 degree bending equation 4 Among them: Ld.: Extended length, as shown in Figure 2. The slope length can be obtained by the following expression: Slope Length = 0.45D Equation 5 D = Floor Thickness - 2 * Diameter of Concrete Reinforcement Equation 6
- Convert this length to kilograms or tons, as rebar is ordered by weight. Main bars and shrinkage and temperature use the same formulas, but use the corresponding cut length, number of bars, and bar diameter. Main rebar = number of rebars * cutting length * weight of rebar (/162) Equation 7 (162/) is the weight of the steel, which is obtained by multiplying the volume of the steel by the density, which is 7850 kg/m3.
Calculation of base steel The base size and its reinforcement details (rebar size and spacing) must be specified. This can be obtained from design drawings. After that, the following steps will be performed to calculate the amount of steel. 
Steel Slab Making Process
Slabs are produced directly by continuous casting or indirectly by rolling ingots on a slab mill. Slabs are usually further processed by flat rolling, cross rolling and tube rolling. Common end products include sheet metal, plate, strip, pipe, and tube. The result of rolling ingots in a rolling mill, a slab is defined as a semi-finished steel product, sometimes produced by processing ingots using a continuous casting process. Billets with a rectangular cross-section are used as base metals to produce flat products such as coils or hot-rolled sheets. The slabs are in flat and rectangular shapes with a thickness of 160 mm and above. A significant number of industries use billets. Steel billets are mainly used in the heavy machinery industry and in sheet/coil production. Like billets, slabs can also be used for further processing, but they always have a unique rectangular shape. Typically, they are machined by flat rolling and are mostly machined into check plate, sheet metal, tube, and pipe. 
Steel sheets are available in stainless steel, but carbon steel is the most common. Chemistry varies, but important elements are iron, copper, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, and silicon. With standard coding, specifications must be specified, usually they are affixed or printed on the end of the board, which always include: In the steel sheet, there should not be any signs of longitudinal and transverse cracks, seams, scabs, decay, holes, shrinkage or any other surface and internal defects in the steel sheet that would negatively affect the standard of the final product. Each standard describes the chemical specifications required to produce the desired product. Slab casting Once the molten steel meets the stringent quality requirements, it is poured into the world's largest continuous casting (by cross-section), capable of producing slabs 450mm thick by 2000mm wide. At this stage, the board was subjected to further tests. Finally, the slabs are cut to standard size and sent to the rolling mill. 
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