one of the requirements of a good building stone is to be uniform in structure and unified in structure based on calculations of particles on a calculator.
Stones with a homogeneous crystal structure are hard and dense, and are superior to amorphous and open-textured varieties.
Generally speaking, igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granites, traps, and gneiss are hard and dense.
A good stone should not be porous, rainwater should not get into the pores, it is usually acidic.
Air and water containing carbon dioxide have serious effects on limestone.
Pyrite also tends to break down rocks.
Excess iron oxides or carbonates in stone can rust when wet; presence of clay affects the effectiveness of cementitious materials; soda and potassium also disintegrate; all varieties of mica are soft and easily exposed to atmospheric action Break down.
Rocks with silicates as cements are more weather resistant than calcareous or ferrous cements.
In order to withstand the destructive effects of various means over time, stones must have natural durability.
service life of the structure depends on the strength of the materials from which it is built.
The durability of the stone depends on the relationship between its chemical composition and the atmospheric environment.
The texture of the stone can also affect its durability. Good works should choose stone varieties with uniform crystals, fine grains and dense structure.
The surface of freshly broken stone should be uniform in texture, color and hardness.
Porous stones, or stones containing soft or unsuitable materials, will disintegrate quickly.
Often, the strength of the stone is not of great importance, because the loads it experiences in the structure are often much lower than the permissible compressive strength.
For the aforementioned ideas a good building stone should be unified in structure based on calculations of particles on a calculator.
requirements of good building stones
A single good building stone cannot meet all of the quality requirements listed below.
For example, strength and durability requirements conflict with abrasion resistance requirements.
Therefore, the site engineer must consider the properties required for the intended job and select the stone accordingly.
Some properties or characteristics of high-quality building stone include: Weight: Construction stones must be heavy.
Porosity: Porous stones are not suitable because water can get into the pores and acids and steam can damage the stone.
In cold climates, water can freeze, cracking rocks.
The porosity of building stone depends on the mineral composition and the structural formation of the parent rock.
If the stone used in building construction is porous, rainwater can easily enter the hole space and damage the stone.
Therefore, building stone should not be porous.
Absorb: The water absorption rate of the stone is proportional to the porosity of the rock.
If the stone is porous, it will absorb more moisture and cause more damage to the stone.
The stone industry belongs to the primary industry. It is similar to mining, but involves the extraction of stone, especially granite, marble, slate, and sandstone.
Other products in this industry include gravel and dimensional stone.
The stone industry is one of the oldest in the world. Stone weapons were made in South Africa around 60-70,000 years ago.
The mining of granite and marble dates back to ancient Egypt.
Crushed stone was widely used by the first great road building civilizations such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
Mining: Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological material from the earth, usually from ore bodies, rocks, veins, formations, reefs or placers.
These deposits constitute mineralized commodities of economic interest to mining tools.
Ores obtained through mining include metals, coal and oil.
building stone calculator
This calculator is for approximate material distribution only.
Estimates should not be used for final architectural or engineering drawings.
Quantity may vary due to workmanship, breakage and waste.
For custom bonds or designs, please contact your sales representative.
This calculator is designed to give you an approximate weight to order for your masonry project.
Because stone is irregular, area coverage can vary widely depending on product selection, individual projects, and installation techniques.
To find out how many stones you need, first you need to calculate the required volume (in cubic meters).
You can do this using the classic sound formula and a few easy steps.
First, measure the length, width, and depth of the space in feet, then multiply them to calculate the volume in cubic feet.
Then divide by 27 to get cubic meters. If needed, you can use a length converter to convert to feed.
volume = length x width x depth Cubic Meters = Cubic Feet ÷ 27 Next, calculate the amount of stone needed (in tons) by multiplying the volume by the density of the stone.
Most crushed stone or gravel weighs between 1.4 and 1.7 tons per cubic meter, with larger stones usually between 1.5 and 1.7 tons. Stone volume = cubic meters × 1.7 Therefore, the amount of stone required is equal to 1.7 cubic meters of volume.
You can also use our gravel calculator to find out how much gravel you need.
You may also be interested in Sand, Soil and Mulch Calculators.
Calculating the amount of stone needed for an outdoor landscaping project can be difficult.
The shape, size and type of stone will help determine how much is needed to successfully complete the project.
If you don't know how to calculate volume or cost, scroll down for more information.
density of building stones
A good understanding of density volume fraction porosity is essential in any technical work on porous building stones.
Dense stones are stronger.
Lightweight stones are weak.
Therefore, stones with specific gravity less than 2.4 are considered unsuitable for construction.
Porosity in building materials is usually measured by the Archimedean float method, from which the bulk density of the test sample can also be obtained.
Porosity and bulk density together determine the solid density of a sample, since only two of these three quantities are independent.
Solid density, although rarely discussed, is determined by the mineralogy of the sample and therefore provides a valuable check on the accuracy of porosity and density measurements.
Our analysis of published calcite limestone data shows that the solid densities are generally close to the ideal crystal density of calcite.
Small deviations can often be attributed to changes in mineral composition.
However, some published porosity density data are inconsistent with known mineralogy.
Deviations that do not depend on the composition can be considered due to measurement errors.
We demonstrate the value of using solid density as a quality check for porosity measurements.
For this, we recommend always calculating the solid density when using the Archimedean method.
This investigation is also useful when measuring porosity using a helium hydrometer or mercury porosimetry.
Gravel FR. 5-20 In demand in both private and industrial buildings, sections of this size are ideal for preparing concrete and reinforced concrete, pouring beams and foundations, filling roads. Its other performance indicators (strength, frost resistance, specific gravity, smoothness) are affected by raw materials and production methods, which should be taken into account when purchasing and mixing solutions.
identification of common building stones
as common identification status is required, building stones are naturally occurring mass of dense rock that can be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use in walls, walkways, roofing materials, or other construction work.
They have been used as building materials since the early days of our civilization.
Whether igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary, building stone is chosen for its use, durability, attractiveness, economy, or other desired properties.
Some common building stones are granite, basalt, slate.
Each type of stone is suitable for different architectural applications based on its properties.
For example, certain types such as basalt and granite have superior properties such as high compressive strength and durability, and are therefore used in large construction projects.
However, the properties of some stones (low compressive strength and the presence of harmful substances in their composition) make them suitable for small construction projects, such as gneiss.
Therefore, stones are used as building materials and decorative purposes.
All natural stones belong to one of three groups of rock types - igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. igneous rock Rocks are hard and crystalline and form the original material of the earth.
They are formed directly from the cooling of hot molten magma.
Perhaps the most popular igneous rock used for architectural or monumental purposes is granite.
Granites are large-grained rocks, in which large crystals of glassy quartz, opaque white or pink feldspar, dark brown or black iron-magnesium minerals (mica, amphibole, etc.) are easily identified with the naked eye.
The coarse nature of the crystals tells us that the rock is formed from magma that cools very slowly in the Earth's crust, allowing individual crystals to grow to large sizes.
Some well-known granites include Cumbrian Sharp, which has large pink feldspars, and Cornish De Lanc, which has large white feldspar crystals.
seasoning of building stones
In general, building stones change differently based on different seasoning, and the drying and wetting of rocks gradually creates cracks in the rocks, which lead to radiation exposure and the production of inorganic small-sized substances.
The drying and wetting cycle on the one hand and the weathering of the stone on the other.
Dehydration during seasoning is more or less an irreversible process. So the spice is mostly used on soft limestone; hard limestone seems to be less affected by it.
These stones have a natural moisture called quarry juice.
This quarry juice makes the stones relatively soft, making them easier to work with.
he stone is soft and easy to work immediately after mining, so it needs to be sized and trimmed first, but fully air-dried and hardened for polishing.
All stones are best left to air dry before installation.
This allows the quarry water to evaporate and in almost all cases hardens the stone and prevents it from cracking due to frost.
Many rocks, especially some types of sandstone and limestone, are very soft and brittle when first quarried, but after several months of exposure to the air, they acquire considerable hardness and strength.
This hardness is due to the fact that the quarry water in the rock contains a certain amount of cementitious material in solution, and when the water evaporates, it collects between the grains of sand, holding them stronger and the outer shell. forming a rock hard, although the inside is still as soft as before.
Therefore, it is necessary to cut the stone as soon as it is removed from the quarry, if it is carved, it should be done before the stone dries, otherwise the hard shell will break and the stone will be carved.
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