Although seeds are an important factor in the germination and selection of new varieties of kiwifruit, germination rates are very low (STRIK, CAHN 1996).) A ventilated place with low temperatures is needed due to the stunted growth of kiwifruit seeds. They need to be treated with chemicals and kept in a cool place, alternating day and night, to increase their growth rate (SALE 1985; KIM et al. 1988). Plants can also be grown from cuttings or by bending (SALE 1985; LAWES 1992). In addition, the roots of Actinidia are very easily removed from cuttings of hardwood or softwood (DIAZ HERNANDEZ, GARCIA BERRIOS 1997). Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev.) is a delicious fruit and has gained worldwide popularity in recent years due to its high adaptability to climatic conditions, varied flavor blends, flavor, and many nutritional and medicinal values. Kiwis are produced specifically for new markets, and production is usually only one way of using discarded fruit. Because of the relatively high yields per unit area, nurseries are very interested in this fruit (CHANDEL et al. 1998; STRIK, CAHN 1996). 
Kiwis can be propagated in many ways. Attaching the desired species to the roots of trees is common. In addition, other disadvantages of reproductive systems have emerged, including the inability to determine germline sexual expression and genetic differentiation. Seed roots are stronger and longer than plants from cuttings (OZCAN 2000). Thus, the kiwifruit vine obtained from rootstock adaptation is preferred over vegetative adaptation from its own roots (SALE 1985; OZCAN, ERIGIN 2000). The availability of good quality root or container seedlings is essential for a good start, so most seedlings are grown on Hayward or Bruno seedlings (BEUTEL 1990). Due to the stunted growth of kiwifruit seeds, they need to be treated with chemicals and kept in a cool, ventilated place with low temperatures, alternating day and night, to increase their growth rate (SALE 1985; KIM et al. 1988). According to the investigators, stratification during cooling and cooling and/or treatment with gibberellic acid (2.5-5.0 ppm for 24 or 10-40 ppm or 50-150 ppm for 24 hours) improved the growth rate (LAWES, ANDERSON 1980; AHN et al. 1984, LAWES 1992, HASEY et al. 1994, VERMA et al. 1998, YNOUE et al. 1999). 
High concentrations of gibberellic acid treatment (2000-6000 ppm for 24 hours) can shorten germination time compared to lower concentrations (LAWES, SIM 1980; SALE 1985). OZCAN (2000) reported that kiwifruit seeds stored for one month in fruit below 0°C and treated with 2000 or 6000 ppm gibberellic acid had the highest germination (35.47%). OZCAN and ERIGIN (2000) also reported that treatment with 2500 ppm GA3 gave the fastest growth rate (31.67%). Temperature (LAWES, ANDERSON 1980; MATTIUZ et al. 1996) and germination rate (GAO et al. 1984; Promotion of germination of kiwi seeds by heat, medium, and gibberellic acid H. ÇELIK, H. ZENGINBAL, M. ÖZCAN Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey ABSTRACT: Plant responses to heat, intermediate acid, and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments were studied in the seeds of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev. cv. Hayward). Seeds treated with four concentrations of GA3 (0, 2000, 4000, and 6000 ppm) were sown in trays with a mixture of peat, perlite + heating humus and soil at temperatures of 20°C, 25°C, 30° C and 35°C underfloor heating, under critical conditions. All treatments had a significant impact on kiwi seed germination. Seeds sown in sphagnum peat exposed to a temperature of 35°C with underfloor heating reached the maximum germination rate (99.17%). 
Peat moss and the 6000 ppm GA3 treatment also had the highest germination rate (79%). Additionally, the peat moss started to germinate earlier than the other solutions and had a shorter germination time. kiwi seed also affects the germination and emergence of kiwifruit seeds. As kiwifruit cultivation became a big business in Turkey, farmers needed more vines with rootstocks suitable for areas with little water. The germination rate of kiwi seeds was low, and research was insufficient due to one factor. Thus, it was necessary to study the combined effect of several factors that would increase the germination of kiwi seeds. In this study, we attempted to investigate the combined effect of temperature-induced soil shade, growing medium, and gibberellic acid treatment on the germination of kiwifruit seedlings under controlled conditions. Material and methods Collecting the seeds Kiwi seeds were obtained from fully ripe soft fruits of the Hayward variety grown in the Red Sea region. 
They were extracted with a low-speed food mixer, washed through a fine sieve with running tap water, and then air-dried to 15% moisture content and stored in a polyethylene bag of 0.17 mm diameter open container. Container at room temperature for several days before the start of the study. GA3 formulation Seeds were immersed in 2000, 4000, and 6000 ppm GA3 solutions (Berelex, Zeneca Ltd.) for 24 h. The pH of the solutions is 7.3 at room temperature. Control seedlings (0 ppm GA3) were immersed in a water bath with the same conditions of pH, temperature, and time. For each GA3 treatment, 1800 seeds were soaked twice in their medium volume. After the application of GA3, the seeds were washed with sterile distilled water, dried for 24 hours, and then immersed in a strong bleach powder solution for surface sterilization, as recommended by SALE (1985). Germination medium Seeds were sown in warm peat, perlite + humus, and soil mix in 10 m long and 1 m wide trays with fixed temperatures of 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C, controlled by soil heating. 
Sphagnum moss (standard Klasmann-Deilmann condition) had 75-80% moisture, 15-20% moisture, 90-95% air, and 70-100 ppm dry matter, and pH were 6.0. The perlite + thermal humus medium consisted of 60% perlite and 40% thermal humus and had a pH ranging from 7 to 7.5. The soil mixture contained 60% peat (standard Klasmann-Deilmann condition), 25% field silt, and 15% sand, with a pH of 7.5. The sand contained no organic matter, whereas the soil contained 83.8% water, 0.29% nitrogen, 0.17% phosphorus, 0.10% potassium, and 0.34% calcium. Volume density (g/cm 3 ), total porosity (%), air capacity (%), available water (%), and buffer capacity (%) of perlite and fungal humus were 0.130 and 0.164, respectively; 94.2 and 88.5; 62.4 and 38.0; 9.3 and 18.5; and 4.8 and 3.3, respectively. All seeds started to germinate after 30 days of sowing. It was incubated daily by addition to the water supply until the end of the experiment. All plants were irrigated four times a day with overhead water with tap water (6.5 pH, no nutrients). Temperature application with bottom heating Each tray had a relief medium that was used at different temperatures with heat from the bottom. The fixed temperatures were 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. The trays were uncoated and subjected daily to the same ambient temperature in the greenhouse. All temperatures were monitored using thermostatically operated baselines, and fluctuations in ambient air and water temperature were recorded using a thermometer (DigiSense® Duologir).
💰 Tenfold your income 💎