The installation of wire and cable whether it is high, medium, or low voltage, follows some standards of procedure for the safety of the installer and the consumer. It is important to determine whether the high voltage line is over the planting strip where the new street tree will be planted. If power lines are present, your tree list will provide options for smaller trees. Smaller trees are less likely to grow into high voltage power lines. Wires on trees are classified as high voltage or non-high voltage. High voltage power lines often (but not always) run on one side of the street and have some easily identifiable characteristics. Signs of high voltage line:
- Transformers
- insulator
- Trees are cut along the street, away from power lines
Signs that the wires are not high voltage: Service lines (low voltage lines) and communication lines have no transformers or insulators. You can see these lines connecting to houses or going through trees. During cable installation, all bending applications must be handled with care. Here are some guidelines to prevent cracking:
- Cables must be pre-cut and hung for 48 hours in their most natural state and laid before installation.
- The cable must be installed in its natural state, not against it. *
- Strain relief at both ends will reduce conductor breakage at bend points.
- If there is a kink in the cable once installed, it will always be there and eventually lead to cable failure.
- After installation, the most critical factors in the cable are minimum bend radius and drum tension.
There are a number of multi-conductor cables designed for many types of applications. Multi-conductor cables consist of two or more conductors used primarily for control or power applications. One of the most difficult applications of any multiconductor cable is the repeated handling of control equipment in a forced direction. Examples of such applications include:
- forklift
- Power Track System
- Random cable reel
- decoration system
- outdoor tailgate
These applications include moderate tension and repeated forced directional bending or coiling. For these types of applications, the best results are achieved with specially designed flexible cables. However, incorrect installation of flex cables can lead to premature cable damage.
High voltage wire installation standards
Safety is the most important factor which is considered in the standards for the installation of the high voltage cable and wire. Construction and characteristics, performance, and testing of HV, MV, and LV (HV: high voltage; V ≥ 60 kV. MV: medium voltage; 1 kV < V < 60 kV. LV: low voltage; V ≤ 1 kV) installation and equipment used All comply national and international technical standards and regulations. Manual operation of equipment in the same way, for maintenance or network reconfiguration purposes, and obligations of owners and operators, as well as procedures to be followed, documentation to be prepared, safety measures to be implemented, and the protective equipment and clothing are regulated by national and international standards as well as national laws. Electrical wiring regulations are official technical documents that define the characteristics and safety measures to be followed during the design, construction, and operation of electrical power systems. The EIA/TIA 568 standard specifies that a structured cabling system must consist of the following subsystems: Workspace Subsystem Horizontal routing subsystem (horizontal routing) Engine room system (engine room or telecommunications room) Computer housing system or communication rack, wiring cabinet (telephone cabinet or wiring cabinet) Backbone Cabling Subsystem Building Entry Subsystem Structured cabling Standard - EIA/TIA 568 Standard This standard specifies the definition of the maximum permitted distances, types of connections, categories of cables and connectors, and methods of installing networks to provide reliable and flexible infrastructure. In a structured cable system, the connection to the workstations is not through a single direct, integrated cable, but at least three separate cables to establish the connection. In the EIA and TIA standards, the maximum length of wires to the workstation is set to a maximum of 111 meters (horizontal cable or horizontal cable up to 91 meters, i.e. the cable extending from the socket on the workstation) Wall to TR, connecting cable and user cable up to 111 meters, each up to 5 meters). The length of the user line is preferably approx. 3 meters (ie from the socket to the user's computer). The patch panel must be connected to the hub or switch using a 1-meter cable (jumper) or (jumper). Prepare a road map of cables, sockets, and their connections, as well as the location of switches, hubs, patch panels, racks, etc. The data transfer rate in the backbone line is higher than the line in the TR and workspace because there are more connections through it, so higher transfer rate cables should be used. When network cabling channels and power cables are shared, take the necessary precautions for safety reasons and avoid the proximity of LAN cables and power cables (in some guidelines, a distance of 2 inches or more is specified). LAN cable paths should be kept away from sources of interference (fluorescent lights, motors, pipes, and power lines). Moonshine or energy-saving lamps should be avoided in the cabinet to avoid noise. Other sources of noise, such as motors or high-voltage relays, should not be close to the cabinet. Electrical capsules or fire extinguishing systems must be installed in place. The presence of electrical ground, especially when the cable is long or the environment is noisy. The network equipment power system must be suitable, ripple-free, and protected, and many equipment and systems require a UPS power supply in the event of a power failure. Connection points should use numbered and coded patch panels and network connectors, and appropriately colored cables and stickers should be used to improve clarity.
High voltage cable installation standards
The standards for the installation of different cable and wire types may change from one country to another. So in the following list, we gathered some of these standards in regard to their regulated country. Europe: Portugal:
- Low voltage electrical installations (RTIEBT) Technical regulations - Low voltage
- Substations and Substation Safety Rules (RSSPT) - Substations
- Safety Regulations for High Voltage Power Lines (RSLEAT) – EHV, HV and MV overhead and underground cables
- Safety Rules for Low Voltage Distribution Networks (RSRDEEBT) – Low Voltage Distribution Networks (Aerial and Underground Cables)
France: French standards NF C 15-100 (low pressure) and NF C13-200 (high pressure) Germany: German Standard UK: BS Standard 7671 (IET Wiring Regulations) India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines and other countries: IEC Standard 60364 U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) - NFPA Standard 70 Canada Canadian Electrical Code (CSA C22) Parts I to VI and SPE-1000: Field Evaluation Model Specification for Electrical Equipment Middle East/Gulf States With the exception of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, these wiring regulations are mainly based on British Standard BS 7671. Dubai: Electrical Installation Regulations by Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) Abu Dhabi: Electricity Wiring Regulations Oman: Oman Electrical Standard (OES) Qatar: Rules for the installation of electrical wiring, electrical equipment and air conditioning equipment Bahrain: Electrical Codes and Guidelines for Electrical Contractors Kuwait: MEW/R-1 to MEW/R-8 and MEW/S-1 Electrical Installations Regulations Standards play an important role in electrical installations because they provide a common language for everyone involved in the different phases of a project (design, manufacture, construction, testing, and monitoring). Some commonly used main criteria are: International International Standards Organization (ISO) Europe European Standard (EN) Health and Safety Enforcement (HSE) - UK British Standards Institute (BSI) – United Kingdom French Standard (NF) Portuguese Standard (NP) German standards (DIN and VDE) Italian standard (UNI) Spanish standard (AENOR) U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Canada Canadian Standard (CEA) Brazil Brazilian Standard (NRB/ABNT) Australia and New Zealand Australian and New Zealand Standards (AS/NZS) China Chinese Standard (GB)