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"Green nanotechnology" is the use of nanotechnology to make processes that have unintended effects on the environment less harmful to the environment.
It also refers to the application of green technology products to increase sustainability, which includes the production of green nano products in medicine and the use of green products in support of sustainability.Green nanotechnology refers to the development of clean technologies "to minimize potential human and environmental health threats related to the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products, as well as to replace existing products with new nanoproducts that are friendly to the environment during their life cycle.
It is appliedTargetsGreen nano technology has two goals: Nanoparticles provide a significant amount of potential for the creation of environmentally friendly technologies.
The creation of plant nanoparticles, for instance, is an example of an approach to green chemistry that connects nanotechnology with plant biotechnology.
Plant extracts have the potential to be used in a process known as bioreduction, which leads to the creation of nanoparticles.
Sugars, terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, phenolic resin acids, and proteins are all examples of plant metabolites that provide a major contribution to the reduction of metal ions into nanoparticles as well as the stability of these particles.
When compared to the qualities of most materials, the features of atoms on a nanoscale have substantial differences.
This illustrates the transition from the macroscopic to the nanoscale in the size scale of a substance.
However, the standard production process for nanoparticles involves the use of substances that are toxic.
As a consequence of this, there is a significant amount of interest in developing a method that is kind to the environment, and new biological technologies, such as green synthesis that makes use of biological processes, are now being developed.
Extracts from plants have been found to have benefits over both chemical and biological methods.
The scale is measured in nanometers.Complete representation of the image
Nanomedicine shows promise as a potential therapy for a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurological conditions, and others.
Biomaterials that are produced by biosynthesis have the potential to treat a broad variety of endemic ailments with fewer adverse side effects.
Active plant extracts are often researched for the purpose of making new medical discoveries.
This trend might be attributed to the growing interest in natural products.
As a consequence of this, green synthesis, which is based on proteins derived from plants and focuses specifically on nanoparticles, may offer significant advantages over chemical processes.
Recent studies have focused on the possibility that plant extracts might serve as precursors in the production of nanomaterials in a manner that is not harmful.
The biological synthesis of nanoparticles or nanomaterials using microorganisms, plants, and viruses or their byproducts, such as proteins and lipids, with the support of various bio-technological instruments is an example of green nanobiotechnology.
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Green nanobiotechnology is also referred to as clean nanotechnology.
Nanoparticles produced via the use of environmentally friendly technologies surpass those produced through the use of physical and chemical processes in a number of ways.
Green solutions, for instance, do not need the use of pricey chemicals, utilize less energy, and generate goods and waste that are harmless to the surrounding environment.
Researchers, scientists, chemical technologists, and chemists all around the globe may use the 12 principles of green chemistry as a guide to assist them in developing less hazardous chemical products and byproducts.
In this context, the use of environmentally friendly nanobiotechnology might be a workable alternative to the production of biocompatible and stable nanoparticles .
As a bioreductant and a precursor, respectively, auriferous nanoparticles generated from dried plant biomass are used in the final process.
These nanoparticles are then combined with auriferous salt.
A bottom-up approach using reducing agents is used in the biologically-based synthesis of nanoparticles.
This approach is used to create nanoparticles.
In order to produce nanoparticles in a biological system, one must first choose a solvent medium, then choose an environmentally friendly and ecologically benign reductant, and finally choose a nontoxic capping agent with which to stabilize the nanoparticles that have been produced.
These are the three primary steps in the synthesis of nanoparticles.
the production of nano materials and products that are safe for the environment or human health, and the production of nano products that provide solutions to environmental problems.
This technology uses the principles of green chemistry and green engineering to make nanomaterials and nanoproducts without toxic ingredients at low temperatures, using less energy and renewable inputs, whenever possible, and applying life cycle thinking in all designs and It uses engineering steps.In addition to making nanomaterials and products with less impact on the environment, green nanotechnology also means using nanotechnology to transform the current production processes of non-nanomaterials and products in an environmentally friendly way.
For example, "nano-membranes" can help separate the desired products of a chemical reaction from waste.
Nano catalysis can make chemical reactions more efficient and reduce waste.
Nanosensors can form part of the process of control systems, which work with nano information systems.
The use of alternative energy systems, which is made possible by nanotechnology, is another way for green manufacturing processes.The second goal of green nanotechnology includes the development of products that directly or indirectly benefit the environment.
Nanomaterials or products can directly clean hazardous waste sites, purify water, remove pollution, and monitor environmental pollution.
Indirectly, lightweight nanocomposites for cars and other transportation vehicles can be effective in saving fuel and reducing materials used for production.
Fuel cells with nanotechnology and light-emitting diodes can reduce the pollution of energy production and help preserve fossil fuels; Self-cleaning nano-surface coatings can reduce or completely eliminate many of the cleaning detergents used on a regular daily basis.
And increased battery life can lead to less material use and less waste.
"Green nanotechnology" covers a wide range of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, ensuring that unintended consequences are minimized and impacts are anticipated throughout the entire life cycle.
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Applications of organic nanocarriers in medicinedescribed work on biodegradable and biocompatible comb-like polymers (CLBs).
Polyesters show biocompatibility and biodegradability that make them attractive for drug delivery.
This presentation focused on biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles with tunable hydrophobicity and biodegradation kinetics, synthesized using novel CLB.
Synthesis and characterization of polymers and nanoparticles based on polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) were described in detail [2].
The proposed synthesis allows for small and better controlled particle size than current synthetic methods such as nano-precipitation which, in addition, involves the use of an organic solvent.
Using the presented process, it is relatively easy to adjust the properties of nanoparticles, and to investigate the influence of parameters such as emulsifier type, feeding mode and macromonomer chain length.
CLB obtained by copolymerization of these new macromonomers with PEGylated hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA-PEG) monomers was produced through surfactant-free polymerization.Dr Christine Duffes (University of Strathclyde) discussed the possibility of using polymeric nanomedicines to target cancer.
The use of genes as drugs to treat cancer is limited by the lack of safe and efficient delivery systems for selective delivery to tumors via intravenous injection without secondary effects on healthy tissues.
To address this issue, Dufus and colleagues showed that conjugation of a polypropylenimine dendriplex to transferrin, whose receptors are overexpressed in many cancers, resulted in targeted gene expression after intravenous administration.
Furthermore, intravenous administration of a therapeutic DNA-delivery system encoding the TNF-α complex resulted in rapid and sustained tumor regression within one month (90% complete response, 10% partial response for A431 human epidermoid tumors), tumor suppression for 60 % of PC.
-3 and 50% of DU145 prostate tumors were also observed.
The treatment was well tolerated by the animals.
This presentation suggested transferrin-containing polypropylene as a promising delivery system for cancer therapy.Professor Steve Ranard (University of Liverpool) gave a keynote address and described recent work on a new class of polymer-based nanoparticles, polydendrons.
One of the obstacles to the widespread use of dendrimers is their expensive synthesis.
Conversely, highly branched polydendrons are faster in synthesis and retain a number of advantages of dendrimers.
Recent preliminary data suggest that precise design of materials is possible Ned was discussed to regulate permeability through models of intestinal epithelium and preferentially accumulate in macrophages.
These results demonstrate the potential for oral administration and accumulation of encapsulated drugs in macrophages an important site for some diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis.Dr.
Jonathan F. Lovell (University at Buffalo) summarized recent advances in porphyrin-based nanovesicles.
"Porphysome" nanovesicles, which are composed of a porphyrin-lipid bilayer, are organic nanoparticles with intrinsic optical activity.
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They have multiple applications for multimodality imaging and therapy.
Porphyrin-phospholipid (PoP) liposomes have a lower percentage of porphyrin-lipid in the bilayer and can be stably loaded with drug or other cargo.
Upon exposure to the red laser, the liposomes open and release their contents.Dr.
Mariarosa Mazza (University of Manchester) presented recent data on nanoparticle-mediated siRNA gene silencing against brain disorders.
Peptide nanofibers (PNFs) may have applications as biomaterials and have been investigated for neuron regeneration and brain delivery.
Positively charged amphiphilic peptides capable of self-assembly into PNF have been engineered and shown to be internalized by primary neurons and removed or degraded in the brain.
Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and chemical versatility, PNFs can be designed as tools for gene therapy.
These fiber-shaped structures can be exploited to develop effective siRNA therapies as molecular carriers for reversible control of gene expression on targets with pathophysiological relevance.Application of inorganic nanoparticles in medicineProf.
Kattesh V Katti delivered a keynote address on Green Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment.
It is possible to create biocompatible radioactive gold nanoparticles using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is abundantly found in tea, as a reducing agent.
This development is unique because the conversion of the gold salt into the corresponding gold nanoparticles is achieved by simply mixing EGCG (or tea leaves) with the gold precursor.
The development of radiotherapeutic nanoparticles based on Au-198 radioisotope, encapsulated with EGCG was also discussed.
The laminin receptor specificity of EGCG (and the therapeutic EGCG-198-AuNPs) allows the resulting nanodrugs with hydrodynamic sizes between 50 and 65 nm to penetrate laminin receptor-expressing tumor vessels.
The development of therapeutic EGCG-198-AuNPs for the treatment of solid prostate tumors was demonstrated in vivo.
The general concepts of green nanotechnology in the field of functional radioactive gold nanoparticles in oncology were summarized.Dr.
Konstantin Sokolov (University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center) discussed recent work on a magnetoplasmonic nanoparticle platform for capturing, isolating, and counting rare cells.
It can provide an accessible tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
However, the challenge of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is their rare occurrence, estimated from one to a few CTCs among millions of leukocytes and billions of red blood cells.
Dr.Sokolov and his colleagues have addressed this issue by developing nanoparticle probes with multiple functions.
Molecularly targeted plasmonic magnetic nanoclusters exhibiting strong red-NIR absorption and superparamagnetic properties were synthesized.
Data from simultaneous magnetic recording and photoacoustic detection of cancer cells in whole blood with an uptake efficiency greater than 90%, without the laborious processing steps commonly used in other CTC assays, were discussed.
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It was suggested that this platform provides a foundation for the development of simple, low-cost, near-real-time methods for capturing, isolating, and counting rare cells.Dr Eric Mays (Endomagnetics Ltd) discussed the application of magnetic nanoparticles in surgical oncology.
The development of the Endomagnetics nanoparticle-based system to increase access to the standard of care in cancer staging is specifically described and how it provides an alternative approach, avoiding the need for radioisotopes for sentinel lymph node biopsy, improving workflow and costs while increasing access.
For patientsPharmacokinetic benefits of solid pharmaceutical nanoparticlesAn overview of the applications of solid pharmaceutical nanoparticle (SDN) formulations is provided by Professor Andrew Owen (University of Liverpool).
The discussion focused on "engineering nanoparticles" to form dispersions in which each submicron particle is composed of the drug.
Nanomilling has been the most commercially successful nanoparticle engineering technology and relies on SDN formation with applications to improve oral bioavailability (e.g.dalfampridine), overcome food effects (e.g.megestrol acetate), modified delivery profile (e.g.Ritalin).
Sustained-release intramuscular depot formulations (such as paliperidone).
Recent work on antiretroviral SDNs produced by a new efficient, scalable and versatile method is also presented.
This approach has produced oral formulations of efavirenz with clinical data suggesting that dose reductions may be possible while maintaining plasma exposure.
The technology is being commercialized through a University of Liverpool start-up called Tandem Nano LtdAn overview of the safety of nanomaterialsProfessor Vicki Stone (Heriot-Watt University) discussed in vitro and in vivo models for assessing local and systemic responses to nanomaterial (NM) exposure.
Alternative models for animal testing are needed.
However, laboratory models are often questioned due to their relevance Dendrimer nanomedicines, specifically discuss biodistribution and elimination studies of dendritic radiopharmaceuticals and dendronized iron oxides.
Finally, Dr.Rosana Simon-Vazquez (University of Vigo) discussed work with fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, showing how metal oxide nanoparticles induce conformational changes in some human plasma protein fractions.
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