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Cold recycled asphalt pavements require the use of cement-emulsified asphalt composite binder (CEACB).
In this article, we are going to talk about why cement modified driveway is finding more customers by the day.
Understanding how cement-emulsified asphalt interacts with its environment is critical for improving CEACB usability.
The purpose of this study was to look into the interactions between cement-emulsified asphalt and its microstructural properties, as well as the mechanisms that underpin those interactions.
It also aimed to assess the interaction capability of cement-emulsified asphalt using macro-rheological measurements.
The first step was to compare the characteristic peak differences using an FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer to qualitatively discuss the physicochemical interaction of cement-emulsified asphalt.
Second, the micro-morphological evolution behaviors of CEACB related to the cement-emulsified asphalt interaction were investigated using a fluorescence microscope (FM) and laser particle size analyzer (LPSA).
Third, the microstructural characteristics of CEACB were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the spatial network structure (SEM).
Finally, a macro-rheological index based on the dynamic rheological shear (DSR) test was proposed to evaluate the interaction capacity of cement-emulsified asphalt.
The results show that the cement-emulsified asphalt interaction is merely a physical blending process due to the lack of any new characteristic peaks in the FTIR spectrum other than for cement hydration products.
Asphalt droplet aggregate formation and cement particle adsorption to asphalt droplets may both be indicators of cement-emulsified asphalt interaction in early-age CEACB.
An appropriate cement-to-emulsified-asphalt ratio could promote the development of a denser spatial network structure of CEACB, as well as the growth and intertwining of cement hydration products with asphalt films.
The K-B-G* index based on the macro-rheological properties of CEACB with full consideration of the cement hydration process is very suitable for evaluating the ability of cement-emulsified asphalt to interact under the conditions of various cement proportions and curing times.
The research would aid in understanding the inherent properties of CEACB and encourage the improvement of the mechanical properties of cold recycled asphalt pavements.
Cold recycling technology is important for promoting waste utilization and environmental protection because of its advantages such as high Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) disposal rate, low energy consumption, and minimal environmental pollution.
Cold recycled asphalt emulsion mixture (CRAEM) as a promising road material has been widely used in pavement maintenance and rehabilitation projects as emulsified asphalt techniques have improved.
In the context of CRAEM, recycled aggregates can be viewed as a dispersed phase that is evenly distributed in cement emulsified asphalt composite binder (CEACB), which improves CRAEM performance by tying recycled aggregates together and filling gaps.
The rigidity of inorganic cement is combined with the flexibility of organic emulsified asphalt in CEACB.
It is a cement-based composite material with emulsified asphalt and other additives.
The occurrence of various diseases in cold recycled asphalt pavements, such as cracking, rutting, moisture damage, and so on, has been shown to be significantly influenced by the interactions between cement and emulsified asphalt (cement-emulsified asphalt).
In recent years, processes other than cement hydration and emulsified asphalt demulsification have been used to interpret the cement-emulsified asphalt interaction.
The heat released by the cement hydration reaction could accelerate the emulsified asphalt demulsification process, while the cement hydration reaction would be delayed to a greater extent by the formation of asphalt films.
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As a result, it is reasonable to conclude that the interaction between cement and emulsified asphalt will significantly alter how cement hydration products and asphalt films interact with one another, as well as change the staggering support framework of CEACB.
As a result, the study of the interaction between cement and emulsified asphalt has received increased attention from a large number of road engineering experts and academics.
This was done to enhance the viscoelastic properties and mechanical properties of CEACB.
Temperature, water evaporation, cement composition, cement proportion, emulsifier type, emulsified asphalt content, and other internal and external factors that affect the process and degree of cement hydration and emulsified asphalt demulsification that occurs in cement emulsified asphalt materials have been widely discussed over the last few decades.
Tan et al., for example, proposed that their research into cement hydration development revealed that the type of emulsifier and its proportion in emulsified asphalt had a significant impact on the retarding effect.
Miljkovi et al.
discovered that the type of emulsifier was a key factor in improving the mechanical performance of cement emulsified asphalt mortar in their study of the impact of cationic emulsified asphalt.
Furthermore, the cement content and types would have a significant impact on the cement hydration and emulsified asphalt demulsification processes when compared to other influencing factors.
According to Wang et al.'s investigation of cement hydration in cement-emulsified asphalt mortar, as the mass ratio of solid asphalt to cement increased, the cement hydration rate decreased.
Because of its distinct chemical and physical properties, burned rock can be used as an active mineral additive to increase the final quantity of cement mortar, as demonstrated by Kuz'Min et al.
As a result, it is regarded as an important research direction to help improve CEACB pavement performance.
In addition, external factors such as curing time, curing temperature, water evaporation, and other variables were thoroughly examined in order to study the processes of cement hydration and emulsified asphalt demulsification.
For example, Du et al's research demonstrated that curing cement asphalt emulsion mixtures at lower relative humidity levels could promote the growth of hydration products.
A high curing temperature, according to Graziani et al.'s analysis of the relationship between evaporative water loss and indirect tensile strength using the Michaelis-Menten model, could hasten water evaporation, thus hastening the curing rate of cold-recycled bituminous mixtures.
As a result, it is reasonable to expect CEACB components and relevant influencing factors to have a significant impact on how cement and emulsified asphalt interact.
Furthermore, recent research on the microstructural properties of CEACB has greatly advanced our understanding of the interaction between cement and emulsified asphalt, as well as improved CEACB's performance as a pavement material.
Du et al.
investigated the interactions between cement particles or hydration products and emulsified asphalt evaporation residues using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR, demonstrating that their interaction is essentially a physical blending process.
Using a laser particle size analyzer (LPSA), it was discovered that particle size variation was visible in early cement-emulsified asphalt during the adsorption of cement particles to asphalt droplets.
Wang et al.
developed a new technique for continuously assessing the dynamic change of emulsified asphalt stability by measuring the particle size change of emulsified asphalt under stress conditions.
The relationship between the early-age reaction of cement hydration and the chemical stability of asphalt emulsion was also studied using the measurement of asphalt droplet zeta potential and the optical microscope observation of the asphalt droplet microstructure.
Ouyang and colleagues’ use of an optical microscope to investigate the morphological evolution characteristics of asphalt droplets helped to reveal the demulsification behaviors of the asphalt emulsion in the early-age CEACB.
Leiben et al.
confirmed that the addition proportions of emulsified asphalt could clearly affect the damping performance of the cement emulsified asphalt mortar using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM).
SEM and computed tomography (CT) demonstrated that the pore structures of cement-emulsified asphalt mixtures with varying cement and emulsified asphalt contents significantly influenced the mechanical properties of cement emulsified asphalt mixtures [36].
It is therefore advantageous to measure the micro-morphological properties and dynamic development processes of CEACB in order to further investigate the behaviors and mechanisms of cement-emulsified asphalt interaction.
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Furthermore, numerous studies have suggested that the viscoelastic and rheological properties of CEACB could be used to qualitatively investigate the interaction behaviors of cement asphalt.
For example, Garilli et al.
confirmed that the complex viscosity coefficient of bitumen emulsion cement paste could be used to reflect the asphalt emulsion's delaying effect on cement solidification as bitumen content increased.
Ouyang et al.
used the apparent viscosity parameter of cement asphalt emulsion paste in their study of the adsorption of various charged emulsified asphalts on cement particles and discovered that cationic asphalt droplets were more readily adsorbed by cement particles due to their stronger interaction ability to cement particles.
Tian et al.
used the elastic modulus to calculate the effect of the A/C ratio on the complex microstructure of cement asphalt emulsion produced by both cement hydrates and asphalt agglomerates.
Tian et al.
used the complex modulus of CEACB to investigate the strength development of cement hydration products during the asphalt emulsion demulsification process.
Ding et al.
used creep curves and storage modulus material curves to distinguish the mechanical properties of CEACB under various A/C ratios, identifying it as a viscoelastic solid or fluid material.
These studies were critical because they provided a comprehensive understanding of the capabilities and nature of the cement-emulsified asphalt interaction.
However, due to the complexity of the processes for cement hydration and asphalt emulsion demulsification, the aforementioned rheological-based evaluation indexes have not been used to quantify the interaction ability of cement-emulsified asphalt.
According to the findings of previous studies, more in-depth research on CEACB is urgently needed.
The qualitative interpretation of CEACB cement hydration and emulsified asphalt demulsification has undoubtedly benefited from prior efforts focused on various factors affecting the characteristics and behaviors of cement emulsified asphalt materials.
However, little attention has been paid to the correlation between cement hydration and asphalt demulsification from the fresh state to strength formation to some extent of CEACB and to the development of reasonable indexes to characterize the interaction degree of the cement-emulsified asphalt.
To quantitatively assess the interaction ability of cement-emulsified asphalt at multiple scales and to systematically illuminate the behaviors and mechanisms of cement-emulsified asphalt interaction.
The specific goals of this paper were to:
Examine the difference in characteristic FTIR peaks to determine the physicochemical interaction behavior of cement and emulsified asphalt.
Discuss how FM, LPSA, and SEM tests were used to interpret the interaction mechanism of cement-emulsified asphalt from a process standpoint.
Assess the interaction capability of cement-emulsified asphalt using a suitable macro-rheological index and taking into account the cement hydration process based on the macro-rheological characteristics of CEACB under various curing times and cement proportions.
As a result, it is hoped that the research will aid in the development of optimized cold recycled asphalt emulsion mixtures and the improvement of the mechanical performance of cold recycled asphalt pavements.
The characteristic peaks of cement powder, emulsified asphalt evaporation residue (EAER), and CEACB were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Nicolet iS5, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
The projection mode and the attenuated total refraction mode were used to test cement powder, EAER, and CEACB, respectively.
In the 4000-600 cm-1 wavenumber range, the spectra were obtained with a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1.
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The representative spectrum in FTIR measurements was derived from an average of 16 spectra.
In order to investigate the physicochemical process of cement-emulsified asphalt interaction, the characteristics of functional groups were identified by characterizing the shape, location, and width of serials of typical FTIR spectrum peaks.
The laser particle size analyzer (Bettersize2600E, Dandong Baxter instrument Co.
Ltd., Dandong, China) measured the size of cement particles and asphalt droplets of early-age CEACB at 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min using a laser particle size analyzer (LPSA) with a range of 0.02-2600 m.
The dispersion medium was distilled water.
The sample was placed directly into the measuring pool of the instrument until the shading rate reached the required range of 10-20%.
The existing ultrasonic dispersion technology allowed for uniform distribution of the sample throughout the pool.
To systematically investigate the interaction mechanisms and behaviors of cement-emulsified asphalt throughout the entire process of fresh state to strength formation, a multi-scale perspective of the evolution of microstructural morphology and macro-rheological characteristics of CEACB was used.
The following is a summary of the main findings.
FTIR spectra could be used as a useful tool for capturing the essence of cement-emulsified asphalt interaction's physical and chemical processes.
The CEACB spectrum clearly shows that the cement-emulsified asphalt interaction is a physical blending process because no new substances, regardless of cement hydration products, were detected.
The characteristics of micro-morphological evolution and particle size distribution variation could be used to interpret the interaction behaviors of early-age CEACB cement-emulsified asphalt.
The aggregation of asphalt droplets and the adsorption of cement particles to asphalt droplets could be used to describe the effect of cement content on the initial behaviors of cement hydration and emulsified asphalt demulsification.
The SEM could be used to observe the microstructural features of CEACB, as well as the cement hydration products growing and interlacing with asphalt films as the curing time was extended.
The proper cement proportion would significantly improve the formation of a dense spatial network structure to support the strengthening of CEACB.
The macro-rheological index K-B-G, which fully accounts for the cement hydration process, is ideal for evaluating the ability of cement-emulsified asphalt to interact under different cement proportions and curing times.
This evaluation's findings are highly correlated with those of the FM and SEM tests.
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