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When using solar-harvesting and snow-melting pavements for lowering pavement surface temperature and mitigating the impact of urban heat islands, effective thermal conduction modification in asphalt binders is beneficial (UHI).
what are Asphalt Carbon Nanoparticle Materials
In this article, we are going to talk about asphalt nanoparticle materials.
The effectiveness of two nanometer-sized modifiers, graphene (Gr) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in improving the thermal, physical, and rheological properties of asphalt binders was investigated in this work.
The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of asphalt binders rose linearly in both Gr and CNTs, according to studies employing the transient plant source technique.
At 20 °C, 5% CNTs increased the two characteristics of asphalt binders by roughly 72%, whereas 5% Gr by volume of matrix asphalt increased them by 300%.
In the meantime, various investigations on rheological and empirical properties were carried out.
According to the findings, adding Gr or CNTs to asphalt binders improved their high-temperature characteristics while decreasing their temperature susceptibility.
At low temperatures, the anti-cracking properties of asphalt binders modified by Gr and CNTs with the modifier content changed in various ways, which may be explained by Gr's particular features.
Due to its comprehensive contributions to the thermal properties, construction viability, high-temperature performance, and low-temperature performance of asphalt binders, Gr—whose optimal content is 3% by volume of matrix asphalt—offers superior application potential for solar harvesting and snow melting pavements compared to CNTs.
Asphalt is a viscoelastic substance that is often used in pavement building.
It is made up of heavy hydrocarbons and can be obtained either naturally or as a byproduct of crude oil production.
Asphalt is most typically used on the pavement surface as a binding agent.
However, the dark color of asphalt raises pavement surface temperatures due to its significant solar radiation absorption, particularly in the summer, contributing to the urban heat island (UHI) effect and a variety of pavement maladies such as thermo-oxidative aging and rutting under traffic loads.
In recent years, the development of novel concepts such as reflective pavements, porous pavements, evaporative pavements, and water-retentive pavements has mostly concentrated on increasing the albedo of the pavement surface or storing water for extended periods of time.
However, these concepts' shortcomings, including glare hazards, potential environmental difficulties, and less-durable constructions, have prevented large-scale applications outside of the laboratory.
Researchers have focused on optimizing the thermal characteristics of asphalt concrete to manage the temperature of asphalt pavements by replacing a fraction of corresponding-sized mineral powder, small particles, or even coarse aggregates with thermal conductive or insulative materials.
Reduced thermal conductivity of asphalt concrete is one approach that corresponds to this idea.
Du et al.
[4] developed a gradient thermal conductivity system in the layered asphalt pavement by incorporating three doses of low thermal conductivity floating beads into the asphalt in order to lower the pavement temperature during the day and reduce the accumulated heat that would be released back into the air at night.
After substituting a portion of the coarse particles in asphalt concrete with crushed ceramic waste, Feng et al.
noticed a decrease in thermal conductivity and a narrowing of the pavement temperature differential.
Another option is to use asphalt pavement as a solar heat collector, which collects solar energy on sunny days and transmits it via deeply buried pipes to store heat for deicing pavement or heating dwellings on cold days.
This concept gave rise to the concepts of sun harvesting and snow melting pavements, with a focus on resource efficiency and environmental friendliness.
Researchers have been working to improve the thermal conductivity of asphalt concrete in order to improve energy harvesting efficiency and speed up heat transfer between the pavement surface and embedded pipes.
The thermal conductivity of asphalt concrete rose by roughly 135% after Dawson et al.
entirely replaced the limestone particles in the mix with quartzite.
Simulations demonstrated the pavement heat collector system's ability to increase the temperature at a 50 mm depth in the pavement while decreasing the temperature at the pavement's surface.
By replacing some of the mineral filler with graphite particles, Pan et al.
and Chen et al.
created thermally conductive asphalt concretes.
They next demonstrated their enhanced solar gathering efficiency and the viability of using the asphalt solar collector to melt snow.
Tang discovered that the collaboration of graphite and carbon fiber contributed to more significant thermal conductivity increases than their individual properties after partially substituting mineral filler due to the formation of conductive networks in asphalt concrete.
Furthermore, Bai et al.
demonstrated the utility of various graphite, carbon black, and carbon fiber mix in enhancing the thermal conductivity of sun harvesting and snow melting pavements.
Asphalt Carbon Nanoparticle Materials properties
Carbon compounds, notably graphite, have been shown to be effective heat conductors in asphalt pavements.
The characteristics shared by members of the "carbon family," such as good thermal conductivity, high corrosion resistance, general chemical inertia, and density similar to the mineral filler used in asphalt concrete, are commonly cited as reasons.
In this perspective, two well-known advanced carbon nanomaterials, graphene (Gr) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) merit special attention due to their applications in solar energy harvesting and snow-melting pavements.
Gr is a single two-dimensional layer of carbon atoms joined by C=C double bonds in sp2 hybridized orbitals.
A hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms is formed.
CNTs are formed by folding one or more graphene sheets into coaxial cylinders.
When compared to rolled graphene, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) represent one layer and more, respectively.
Arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are the principal methods for generating CNTs.
There are two ways to get Gr.
The first entails mechanical and chemical graphite exfoliation, whereas the second entails the chemical synthesis of covalently coupled two-dimensional networks by processes such as epitaxial growth, pyrolysis, and CVD.
In comparison to graphite, whose thermal conductivity is always less than or slightly greater than 100 W/mK, Gr's thermal conductivity can approach 5000 W/mK, which is higher than the longitude-directed values of 3500 W/mK for SWCNTs and 3000 W/mK for MWCNTs.
Despite their expensive cost, Gr and CNTs are excellent alternatives for conductive additions in the realm of energy due to their amazing superiority.
Das et al.
and Zhang et al.
improved the performance of thermosyphon devices or direct absorption solar collectors by increasing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids using Gr or CNTs.
Amin et al.
, Liu and Zhang, Karaipekli et al.
, and Zhang et al.
discovered that two carbon nanomaterials enhanced the thermal conductivity of phase change materials, which are typically used to control the temperature or minimize energy waste.
Over the last ten years, several Gr or CNT manifestations in asphalt composites have been studied.
Depending on the needs, mechanical agitation, high-speed shearing, and sonication are always used to mix carbon materials and asphalt.
Faramarzi et al.
created MWCNTs modified asphalt binders using a wet and shear mixing procedure.
MWCNTs increased the thermal cracking and rutting resistance of asphalt binders, according to the findings.
CNTs had a good effect on the fatigue properties of asphalt binders, according to Santagata et al.
, when a suitable dispersion technique was used.
Gr modified asphalt binders, according to Moreno-Navarro et al.
, can be heated faster than regular matrix binders without sacrificing stability.
According to Yang et alresearch, altering.
's Grand .
's CNTs was proven to be promising in increasing the high-temperature characteristics, elastic recovery ability, and pavement service life of asphalt binders.
Li et al.
used microwave heating to increase the self-healing characteristics of asphalt by employing two carbon compounds as potential microwave absorbers.
Shirakawa et al.
found that carbon nanotubes increased the stiffness and microwave absorption capacity of asphalt emulsions.
Shu et al.
discovered that adding MWCNTs to SBS copolymer-modified asphalt binders improved their high-temperature anti-rutting and low-temperature anti-cracking properties, whereas Goli et al.
investigated the storage stability enhancement.
Melo and Triches evaluated the permanent deformation resistance of CNT-modified asphalt concretes for use in asphalt concretes using wheel tracking tests and four-point fatigue tests.
CNTs' improved mechanical performance showed that they might be useful.
Despite the fact that Gr and CNTs have both been utilized to improve the thermal properties of several materials for actual energy applications, the review claims that their genuine thermal behavior in asphalt has received less attention.
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Despite the fact that their beneficial contribution to the development of some other features of asphalt composites has been established, only a few papers have focused on a direct comparison of their effects on asphalt composites and further investigated the distinctions.
Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric specific heat capacity are fundamental thermal properties of materials that can influence a number of thermal properties of functional asphalt pavements, including solar energy harvesting effectiveness, snow melting time, heat transfer speed, and perpendicular temperature gradient.
The impacts of Gr and CNTs on the three thermal properties of asphalt binders were investigated using quantitative analysis in this work.
Gr and CNTs were utilized as heat conductive additives, although given their likely modest concentrations in asphalt binders, they may alternatively be considered as "modifiers.
" In addition, the physical and rheological properties of identical modified asphalt binders were investigated.
In addition, in connection with the modification mechanism studies, the influence variables resulting in the different thermal conductivity of Gr and CNTs were explored.
Because the concept of optimal optimization varies depending on the specific conditions and aims, the goal of this study is not to create a situation in which the thermal, physical, and rheological performances are all improved at the same time.
Instead, it intends to investigate if modified Gr or CNTs binders may significantly boost thermal characteristics while still meeting the basic usability requirements for pavement construction, and so evaluate their potential for use in solar-harvesting and snow-melting pavements.
Linear regressions were used to evaluate the relationships between thermal conductivity and modifier content.
Thermal conductivity and modifier content were shown to have a positive linear relationship in both Gr-MA and CNTs-MA, with correlation values (R2) of 0.
9948 and 0.
9955, respectively.
Gr's effect outperformed CNTs by a huge amount.
The conductivity of Gr-thermal MA grew by 313.
04% to 0.
6051 W/(mK) when the modifier concentration was increased from 0% to 5%, whereas CNTs-grown MA increased by 71.
54% to 0.
2513 W/(mK) (mK).
Thermal property transfer in nanoscale carbon materials is mostly caused by phonon behavior.
Despite their high inherent thermal conductivities, the significant difference in thermal conductivities of asphalt binders modified by Gr and CNTs is mostly due to their different surface areas.
In this study, CNTs with a greater specific surface area improved interface heat resistance and phonon dispersion by extending the interface between the modifier and matrix asphalt.
The impact of Gr and CNTs on the thermal, physical, and rheological properties of asphalt binders was investigated in this experimental work in order to completely analyze their potential for use as thermal conductive modifiers in sun harvesting and snow melting pavements.
Experiments on thermal characteristics, penetration, softening point, ductility, Brookfield viscosity, and dynamic shear rheometers were carried out on Gr-MA and CNTs-MA with modifier quantities of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by volume of matrix asphalt.
To investigate the modification mechanism and study the influencing variables on the modification effects, FTIR characterizations and TLC-FID tests were performed.
These conclusions were reached.
As modifier content rose, Gr and CNTs increased the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of asphalt binders linearly.
CNTs outperformed Gr.
When 5% Gr was added, asphalt binders' thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity increased by more than 300% (3 times), but only by about 72% (0.
7 times) when 5% CNTs were added.
Meanwhile, at 20 °C, Gr and CNTs reduced the volumetric specific heat capacity of asphalt binders.
The use of Gr.
resulted in a larger decline.
CNTs' higher specific surface area compared to Gr reduced the true impacts of thermal conduction modification by increasing the interface thermal resistance between modifiers and asphalt as well as the contact resistance between modifier particles.
Gr and CNTs improved asphalt binders' consistency, high-temperature stability, apparent viscosity, stiffness, elasticity, and rutting resistance while decreasing temperature susceptibility (TS).
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All of these features contributed to the asphalt binders' better high-temperature performance.
In conditions of high temperatures and high modifier concentrations, CNTs-MA outperformed Gr-MA.
Furthermore, at moderate temperatures, Gr outperformed CNTs in terms of TS reduction, whereas CNTs outperformed Gr at high temperatures.
As modifier content rose across a wide temperature range, CNTs affected the low-temperature performance of asphalt binders, including cracking resistance and ductility.
However, ductility testing and DSR low-to-intermediate temperature sweep demonstrated that Gr influenced the ability of asphalt binders to resist cracking at temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 30 °C.
Gr may eventually reduce the stiffness of asphalt binders at extremely low temperatures, according to the complex shear modulus master curves, due to its particular crystal structure.
In this investigation, matrix asphalt with a 3% Gr by volume performance showed the most promise for use in snow melting and solar pavements.
According to the linear regression results, the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric specific heat capacity of 3% Gr-MA at 20 °C might be 0.
4153 W/mK, 0.
2533 mm2/s, and 1.
6398 MJ/m3 K, respectively.
Thermal characteristics can be enhanced to reduce pavement surface temperature, improve snow melting and solar energy harvesting efficiency, and mitigate the impact of urban heat islands (UHI).
This article reintroduces Gr as a possible thermal conductivity modifier for asphalt pavements.
The conclusions were reached utilizing specific types and sizes of samples.
More research on Gr and CNTs of various types and sizes are also required to develop or maybe generalize the findings of this work.
read more:
Asphalt concrete
asphalt
hot mix asphalt
gilsonite asphalt
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