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There is a vast production of hazelnut in Quebec Canada. Here we are looking thoroughly into the process and the statistics on hazelnut kernel cultivation in Canada.
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The demand for hazelnuts is steadily rising due to the increasing use of these nuts in products like chocolate, medicine, and health care. Only 5% of the crop in the world is produced in North America, whereas Oregon produces 99% of it.
The vast majority of cultivars that are currently available are not successful in Quebec since they are acclimated to places with mild winters. Our goal was to create genotypes that could sustain the fledgling hazelnut industry in southern Quebec.
Quebec (ON), New York (NY, USA), and Michigan (MI, USA) have discovered options in recent years that may be better suited to ON than cultivars from Europe and Oregon.
In two trials, yield, nut quality, and winter hardiness were evaluated to see if our prediction that these novel selections would outperform cultivars from Europe and Oregon in southern Quebec would be accurate.
As expected, the most winter-hardy and productive varieties were those from Quebec and New York, such as "Gene," "Alex," and "Slate," followed by varieties from Oregon, such as "Butler," and "Gamma." However, these varieties scored poorly in other evaluations, such as nut quality and catkin survival.
The European and Oregon cultivars may have performed poorly because they (i) took longer to adapt and start the production phase than selections from Quebec, New York, and Michigan, and (ii) were more sensitive to cold during the early establishment phase.
The ability of the European and Oregon cultivars to transition into the production phase is expected to be hampered by the need to allocate resources to survival. Finally, the cold tolerance of imported hazelnut cultivars from climatically varied nations must be assessed.
Introduction
Hazelnut production fell behind cashew, walnut, almond, and pistachio in 2017 with 1 million tonnes. North America, especially Canada, has seen a rise in hazelnut demand. In North America, commercial hazelnuts are grown in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.
In 2007, a hazelnut processing factory was erected in southern Quebec (ON, Canada). It imports over 14,000 tonnes of shelled hazelnuts annually, encouraging Quebec farmers to grow hazelnuts.
Cold winters and endemic eastern filbert blight, which kills most European hazelnuts (Molnar and Capik 2012), limit hazelnut production in eastern North America.
The disease was kept out of the west coast hazelnut-growing region until 1959, when it was brought north of Vancouver, Washington.
First observed in 1968, cankers were recorded in 1970 and 1973. According to illness prevalence, the pathogen was introduced around 1959. Rutgers University (NJ, USA) (Molnar et al.
2005, 2009) are developing eastern filbert blight-resistant cultivars; however, their commercial production suitability in southern Quebec has not been assessed.
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MacDaniels (1964) says hazelnuts can be cultivated economically in eastern North America if catkin (male flower) damage is avoided.
Female flowers and catkins of different cultivars are cold-tolerant. Female flowers can generally withstand temperatures below 40 °C, while catkins are less cold-resistant. Catkins' capacity to tolerate Quebec's continental environment limits commercial hazelnut output.
Warm weather encourages catkins to lengthen, making them prone to chilling. Strong winter winds in Quebec can dry and sweep away catkins.
Our goal was to select cultivars to feed the new hazelnut processing facility and increase the southern Quebec hazelnut sector.
In terms of hazelnut tree and catkin survival, nut yield, and nut and kernel qualities, we compared European and Oregon cultivars with Quebec, New York, and Michigan selections. In southern Quebec, we expected colder cultivars, like Europe and Oregon, would fare better.
Resources and Techniques
At the Simcoe Research Station of the University of Guelph in Simcoe, Quebec, Canada (latitude 42°83′N, longitude 80°28′W, height 200 m), two cultivar trials were carried out in a field with a gentle slope (1%–4%). Fox sand is the type of soil, and it only has 1.2% organic matter.
Simcoe is situated in hardiness zone 6b according to the most recent hardiness zone map criteria.
The north and south trials tested 23 hazelnut cultivars and selections from Europe, Oregon, New York, Michigan, and Quebec.
Others were academic breeding initiatives or grower-identified selections. Traditional cultivars were used. Some varieties were only meant to pollinate. New York's "Gene" and Europe's "Barcelona" were used as reference cultivars in both trials.
On the west side of the northern and southern fields, cedars acted as windbreaks. A windbreak of cedar trees surrounded the north and south fields. The southern field's slope and windbreaks create a milder microclimate.
The northern trial included hazelnut transplants. Half of the plants were layers cultivated in pots for a year utilizing root-pruning (Earthgen International Ltd., Wainfleet, ON, Canada) before being transplanted in May 2009.
Half of the plants were planted in May 2008 as bare-root layers and the other half as layers from the same sources. The impact of root cutting on establishment and output was evaluated.
In the north trial, the two propagation treatments (bare root and root trimmed) were the main plots and the two cultivars were the split plots.
All of the southern experiment plants were 2-year-old bare-root dormant layers planted in May 2009. The second experiment had four replicates. Each experiment plot had three test trees and one hazelnut guard plant. 3 and 5 meters separated each row.
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In the first year, the orchards were irrigated immediately after transplanting, one week later, and two weeks later. After teaching trees to have two to six stems, spring and summer suckers were clipped.
Between the rows, red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grass seed mixtures were planted.
Between 2012 and 2015, 450 g of 10-10-10 fertilizer per tree was sprayed twice, once in late May and once a month later. Between June 2016 and June 2018, 300 kg ha-1 of 10-10-10 fertilizer was applied.
At leaf bud break and after leaf fall in October, trees were sprayed with 8 kg ha1 copper to reduce Xanthomonas arboricola PV. Spring micronutrient spraying was 10 g per 100 L Micromix (Plant Products Inc.).
The trees' winter hardiness was rated in June 2012 and June 2015. The lowest score meant death or being least hardy, while the highest score meant no injury or being hardest.
In 2012 and 2015, data were recorded on a 1-5 scale. This approach was used to calculate catkin survival during 2011–2016, except in 2015. In each plot, an east-side branch with 100 catkins was indicated.
After pollination and before catkins fell, the total number of catkins and the number injured by cold (brown color or failure of at least 50% to grow) were tallied. The percentage of catkin injury was calculated by dividing cold-injured catkins by total catkins.
In 2010, the 2008 crop was collected, and in 2011, the 2009 planting. Every nut cluster was hand-picked. All nuts were dried at 25 to 45°C in a heated glasshouse in September and October. We weighed the whole in-shell crop and a 100-nut subsample from each tree.
We measured ten nuts from each bag for length, width, and depth. SI=[(width + depth)/2 length]. After weighing, cracking, and weighing 10 random nuts, the kernel percentage was calculated using the method [(kernel weight/nut weight) 100].
The percentage of empty nuts (blanks) was determined based on the IPGRI description. Analysis of variance was used on randomized full-block data. The model's averages were divided by the least significant difference when statistically significant.
Results
In 2012 and 2017, mild February temperatures were followed by April frosts, and in February 2015, the temperature dropped to 29.2 °C. These three extreme weather events happened over the period of our study.
Because there were no statistically significant variations in yield between trees planted bare-root and those that had been root-pruned in the north trial that was planted in 2008 (P = 0.6143), this treatment is not further examined in this research.
In both experiments (2008 and 2009; P 0.0001), year, cultivar, and their combinations had statistically significant effects.
Gene, a New York Agricultural Experiment Station selection, yielded more than 8 kg per tree in both trials, whereas European cultivars like Barcelona and Tonda di Giffoni and OR pollinizers like Theta and Zeta produced the least.
High nut output was not anticipated because "Theta" and "Zeta" were released as pollinizers. Variability in annual production across hazelnut cultivars was anticipated and noted.
The lowest yields when the trees attained full bearing were seen in both trials and across all cultivars in 2014, and the highest yields were seen in 2017.
Conclusion
The genotype of the sourced cultivars often determines how adaptable they are. The ability of hazelnut cultivars to withstand the weather in southern Quebec varies greatly.
However, they have oblong nuts, which can be used for fresh markets and some processing companies but are not selected for Ferrero Roché. Selections from NY and ON can be economically grown.
MI selections did not outperform ON or NY in any of the measured metrics. Cultivars from Europe and the Pacific Rim are not suited to the harsh winters of southern Quebec and will suffer harm during such years. Even if they make it through the harsh winters in Quebec, plants may not produce much since they prioritize their resources for survival over crop growth.
Additionally, European cultivars are not immune to the endemic disease in North America known as eastern filbert blight. To find acceptable cultivars and (or) pollinizers that are disease resistant and cold hardy for southern Quebec, further evaluation is required.
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