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The disposal of used frying oil (UFO) has a negative influence on the environment, the community, and the economy.
In this article, we are going to discuss the possibility of working on biochemical components to work out as efficient asphalt binder.
The consequent blockage of urban drainage systems and water treatment facilities, harm to wildlife that comes into touch with it, and harm to aquatic life and ecosystems owing to oxygen depletion in contaminated water bodies such as rivers and lakes are all important issues for worry.
Statistics show that more than one million liters of wasted cooking oil are collected annually in Trinidad and Tobago from various restaurant chains.
To reduce the impacts of improper UFO disposal, this study investigated the use of UFO as a performance-enhancing additive for road paving applications using Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) and Trinidad Petroleum Bitumen (TPB).
Modified mixes with varying amounts of UFO (2-10% wt) were prepared for the TLA and TPB asphaltic binders.
Adding additional UFO to the TLA and TPB base binders gradually lowered stiffness (decreased G* value), according to the stiffness data.
As the amount of the UFO element in TLA was raised, the elasticity of the mixes often diminished, as seen by an increase in phase angle or phase lag ().
The most elastic mix was at the 6% UFO level, and as the UFO dosage in TPB increased, the elasticity declined dramatically.
The substantially lower values of and higher values of G* in TLA and UFO-TLA modified blends revealed the superiority of the TLA material.
The UFO was added to the mixes, resulting in a decrease in rutting resistance and a rise in fatigue cracking resistance (a decrease in G*/sin and G*sin, respectively).
This study highlighted the potential for UFO to be recycled locally as an asphalt modifier capable of producing tailored UFO-modified asphaltic blends for specific applications, as well as its viability as an environmentally benign technique of recycling waste/hazardous UFO material.
To cook meals at high temperatures, the food industry, restaurants, and residences all use frying oil, which is a blend of vegetable and animal oils.
Because used frying oil (UFO) is commonly discarded into municipal landfills or discharged down drains without treatment after use, it has become a huge environmental and ecological hazard.
According to the literature, animal fats, vegetable oils, and petroleum oils, all have the same physical properties and have the same environmental impact.
They are as follows:
Suffocation occurs in oil-coated animals and plants.
Reduced dissolved oxygen levels and death of aquatic plants and animals due to the existence of an oil coating on water bodies that prevents sunlight from reaching aquatic plants.
Eutrophication is caused by bacteria, phytoplankton, and algae that feed on the UFO.
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Delaying photosynthesis, producing a rotten odor and blocking water treatment and drainage systems
Soil isolation from air and water, earthworm eradication, and bacterial destruction are all essential for plant regrowth.
Rats and other vermin breed because they eat solidified waste cooking oil, posing a pest control problem or a health danger.
In Trinidad and Tobago, the amended Water Pollution Rules (WASA 2006) target commercial establishments that use cooking oil, such as restaurants and food service businesses, as well as dwellings where registration with the Environmental Management Authority is required by law (EMA).
However, in an interview, the general director of a company that collects and recycles used cooking oil noted that the restrictions on its disposal are not followed because it is either frozen and thrown away or poured down the drain.
According to statistics collected by the Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office in 2010, the country had 297 hotels and guest homes and 317 food and beverage producing businesses.
According to one study, a well-known international fast-food restaurant chain that serves fried chicken uses approximately 151.4 liters of oil each week.
If this statistic is applied to all 52 franchise locations, this one business can gather more than 409,000 liters of wasted cooking oil every year (John and Seetahal 2008).
Commercial facilities, according to projections, would consume 55.315 liters of edible oil per day, or 30% of the entire amount of edible oil available (Wyse-Mason and Beckles 2012).
The other 70% of the world's consumed edible oil is used by residential families that are not required to have disposal facilities such as oil separators, grease traps, wastewater sumps, or have their waste cooking oil collected by recycling or treatment and disposal organizations.
This allows a large number of UFO to be dumped into the garbage, the ground, and the sink and drain.
Currently, one business has a contract to collect the commercially produced UFO by Trinidadian eateries, and they claim to be able to collect up to one million liters of UFO every year.
Frying Oil Asphalt
According to MARRC (2001), used oil is the "single most environmentally hazardous recyclable item," frying, and even a little spill of one liter can contaminate one million liters of fresh water.
Recycling old oil is becoming a viable solution to the associated ecological and environmental challenges.
However, owing to poor collection services and scant recycling, developing countries are unable to adequately manage their used oil.
Third-world countries lag in this sector due to a lack of recycling waste expertise, ineffective laws, and a lack of leadership agencies appointed to oversee rules, regulations, and enforcement legislation.
The Basel Convention Regional Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for the Caribbean Region (BCRC-Caribbean) has a new central focus that shifts away from the strict prohibition of hazardous waste movement from one party to the next and toward the recognition of waste as a resource that can stimulate economic development and create new job opportunities, particularly among civil society groups and small businesses.
This new emphasis encourages waste minimization and prevention at the source, as well as waste recovery, reuse, and recycling as downstream value-added components of waste streams.
To mitigate the negative consequences of improper UFO disposal in Trinidad and Tobago, the following steps must be taken:
National usage and disposal inventories have been updated
Policy reform and enabling legislation will make it easier to collect, refine, dispose of, and eliminate waste oil.
Conduct a strategic evaluation of the most effective technologies available.
Create a pilot project that includes commercial investors.
Investigate fuel subsidies in Trinidad and Tobago so that the local market would stimulate the use of alternative fuels.
However, little information is available on its use as a component in asphalt pavement binders.
Many studies have investigated the potential use of recycled UFOs in the food chain via animal feeding, soap production, or biodiesel conversion.
Because there is some evidence that highly oxidized fats formed during frying, where oils are exposed to high temperatures in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, may have carcinogenic properties, incorporating UFO into the food chain via animal feed has the potential to harm human health (Chang and Peterson 1978, Azpilicueta and Remirez 1991, Costa Neto et al.
2000, Panadare and Rathod 2015).
The addition of waste or used fats and oils to animal feedstock presents extra issues because when they go rancid, they emit an objectionable odor and diminish the palatability of the feed.
When extra fat or oil exceeds 6% of the dry mass of the feed, rumen fiber digestion can be inhibited (Engstrom et al.
1994, Panadare and Rathod 2015).
Too much fat can induce digestive problems, diarrhea, and decreased feed intake in animals.
There are numerous advantages to considering UFO as a biodiesel fuel source.
However, before the UFO can be used in saponification and biodiesel synthesis, it must be pre-treated through filtration and esterification to remove any free fatty acids.
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Converting a diesel engine to run on UFO can cost up to TT$15000.00, which may deter citizens/individuals from doing so.
Pretreatment of the UFO for conversion to biodiesel may not be costly.
Bitumen and asphalt are both used with mineral aggregates in the construction of roads and pavements.
The characteristics of the asphalt and bitumen, the mixture's two deformable components, affect how effectively these road pavements perform.
Both of these systems are thermally vulnerable and susceptible to deformation due to weathering, moisture damage, heavy traffic, or embrittlement caused by the chemical oxidation of functional groups in the asphalt.
These constraints can be lifted by modifying their performance characteristics with polymeric materials.
According to reports, polymer-modified asphalt can extend the shelf life of pavements by up to ten years (Dwyer and Betts 2011, Boyer 2013).
Because the fatty acids in UFO act as a cohesive agent, lowering the aged, recycled binders' high viscosity, promoting homogeneous mixing, and lowering surface tension of the aggregate and coated the binder when combined with new pavement materials, recycled asphalt can be combined with UFO to create blends that perform better (Huh 2012).
Asli et al.
(2012) and Zargar et al.
(2012) discovered that a 3-4% by weight addition of UFO generated viscosity results comparable to the original bitumen material.
Furthermore, it was claimed that utilizing vegetable oil reduced the stiffness of the aging mixture.
There have been studies using other asphaltic binders from other sources, but it is impossible to generalize about the impact of polymeric additives on the rheological characteristics of Trinidad asphaltic materials; there is a clear relationship between the performance qualities of the binders and the quality of the asphalt (different compositions from different sources); asphaltic materials with the same specifications have been studied.
TLA is an asphaltic material having a higher asphaltene content than other refinery bitumens such as TPB.
TLA contains kaolinitic clay, which is missing in TPB and other refinery bitumens.
These compositional differences have been shown to alter the flow, colloidal properties, and rheological characteristics of asphaltic systems, which in turn affects their performance attributes.
According to a survey of the literature, little research has investigated the effect of UFO on the rheological properties of Trinidad and Tobago-native TLA and TPB asphaltic materials.
Despite the demonstrated improvement in asphaltic materials augmented with polymeric additives, there are some connected issues.
Polymer ized asphaltic materials have been linked to an increase in the number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that leak into storm-water and harm water bodies.
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PAHs are made up of over a hundred chemical compounds having two or more aromatic rings that coexist as mixtures.
They can be concentrated by incompletely burning carbon-containing materials like tires and crumbling asphalt.
Large volumes of PAHs can be released into storm drains by road paving materials and parking lot sealants, posing a risk to aquatic life.
Although a 2006 examination of PAHS in frying oils found that benzo-a-pyrene concentrations in edible oils ranged from trace to 0.7 ppb before and after frying, the European Community recently proposed a 2 ppb limit for PAHs in foods.
According to research, zinc and PAH levels in crumb rubber samples were extremely high.
The purpose of this research is to fill a knowledge gap regarding the impacts of UFO on the rheological properties of native Trinidad and Tobago asphaltic materials TLA and TPB in order to assess its potential as an environmentally acceptable means of recycling hazardous or waste UFO material.
The rheological research of modified TLA and TPB blends with varied amounts of UFO (2-10% wt) found the following:
When the concentration of UFO in the TLA and TPB base binders was raised, the stiffness (G* value) fell similarly.
When the concentration of the UFO component in TLA was raised, the overall elasticity of the blends decreased, as seen by an increase in.
The most elastic blend was at 6% UFO, and it declined dramatically as the UFO additive percentage in TPB increased.
The substantially lower values of and higher values of G* in TLA and UFO-TLA modified blends revealed the superiority of the TLA material.
The UFO was added to the mixes, resulting in a decrease in rutting resistance and a rise in fatigue cracking resistance (a decrease in G*/sin and G*sin, respectively).
This investigation revealed that UFO might be employed as an asphalt modifier again to generate unique UFO-modified asphaltic blends for specific purposes.
It also emphasizes the repurposing technique's usefulness as a local, environmentally beneficial manner of disposing of rubbish and harmful UFO material.
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