The complete sequence of the apple genome, approximately 742.3 Mb, was initially reported by Velasco et al.
Of this first draft genome sequence, 603.9 Mb were assembled, and 593.3 Mb were mapped to 17 chromosomes.
Since it was the first sequenced, the apple genome has been continuously updated.
High-quality apple genomes were assembled using the latest sequencing technologies or homozygous samples (Li et al., 2016; Daccord et al., 2017).
Since its genome has been fully sequenced, the apple has become a kind of perennial model fruit tree, and there has been a rapid increase in research on color development, strength, flavor, storage attributes, and other apple traits.
Genetics and genomics of apple color development
Genomics is one of the fastest developing emerging biology, medicine, and agriculture disciplines.
The genomes of most fruit trees have already been sequenced.
With the falling cost of sequencing, it is easy for breeders to obtain information on molecular markers.
This information can understand how fruit trees adapt to the environment and continue to reshape or genetically modify fruit trees to meet future agricultural needs (McCouch et al., 2013).
A number of structural enzymes catalyze the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, and various T.F.s and transcription complexes regulate the expression of the coding genes.
The transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin synthesis was first studied in model plants such as maize, Arabidopsis, and petunia more than 30 years ago, but recent research has been focused on this process on apple fruit trees.
The transcription factors regulate the expression of most genes by binding to cis-elements in their promoter regions.
Benefits of apple for skin
There are numerous naturally occurring fruits and vegetables that are very useful for us: oranges, apples, papaya, berries, and lemons, to name a few.
As a cliché, the saying "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" is entirely accurate as the fruit includes several essential nutrients and vitamins that protect us from various diseases.
Some researchers found out that an apple a day can also keep skin dull! We have discovered how apples benefit the skin, and we can't wait to share them with you!
If you are someone who has an apple in their lunch box, chances are you already have beautiful skin! For those who don't like apples so much, look at these delicious ways to include apples in your daily diet at the end of this article.
Glowing skin
Rich in vitamins A, B, and C complexes, apples benefit the skin by helping to eliminate pathogens and excess oil.
Eating apples regularly can brighten the skin and correct uneven skin tone.
The antioxidants in this fruit accelerate skin cell rejuvenation and help keep skin healthy and glowing.
In addition to including it in your diet, you can also make an apple face mask by grating green apple and applying it to your face.
This will maintain the skin's natural pH balance and keep common skin problems at bay.
Prevents premature aging
Sun exposure, pollution, and other environmental stressors cause skin damage from free radicals.
These free radicals destroy collagen and elastin fibers in the skin to make fine lines and wrinkles appear earlier and more prominently.
Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that can help tackle the problem of premature aging.
Apples contain a lot of vitamin C and, if consumed regularly, can reduce the first signs of skin aging.
To reap the benefits of apple for the skin, extract the juice from an apple and apply it all over the face and neck with a cotton ball.
Let it dry and then rinse with water, do it 2-3 times a week for best results.
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