Although chemical pesticide use has increased the expenditure of maize production, it has caused adverse effects on human health and the environment. The use of farm machine for example, pesticide exposure equipments may result in the incidence of a human health condition (e.g., heart disease, immune disorders, cancer, and damaged skin) and it can pollute air, water, and soil conditions and damage biodiversity. Reducing harmful externalities associated with pesticide use is critical for improving human health and environmental performance. This study investigates whether the use of agricultural machinery reduces pesticide expenditure based on farm survey data collected from 493 corn farmers in China. 
An intrinsic switching regression model was developed to address the issue of sample selection bias associated with voluntary use of agricultural machinery. Experimental results show that agricultural machinery use has a negative and statistically significant impact on pesticide expenditure. The results highlight the important role agricultural machinery plays in reducing pesticide spending, which in turn helps improve human health and environmental performance. Modern agricultural practices rely heavily on the use of pesticides, which have been successful in increasing productivity, but have raised environmental and human health concerns. It is estimated that 26 million cases of pesticide poisoning occurred and 220,000 people died. China is the world's largest consumer of pesticides, and its use has increased dramatically. In particular, the number of pesticides has increased significantly over time, from 76.53 thousand tons in 1990 to 176.30 thousand tons in 2014. The growing demand for pesticides in China has affected the entire population of the world's largest pesticide users, keeping their volumes above 40%. Therefore, a zero-growth action plan for pesticide use is proposed in China to reduce pollution of agricultural environment and promote environmental protection. The use of chemical pesticides contributes to increased agricultural productivity and improved product quality, but overuse or abuse of pesticides is associated with adverse effects such as impacts on human health and impacts on external ecosystems. 
I'm here. For example, Lai found that a 10% increase in pesticide use in the rice industry could cost him $2.13 million in China. As a result, many developing and developed countries have introduced various policies and initiatives such as maximum pesticide residue limits (MRLs) and integrated pest management (IPM) that address food safety and defense production. For example, farmers using IPM were found to use less pesticides in their mango production in Kenya. Analyzing Dutch farmers, Skevas assessed the effectiveness of various economic policies, including taxes, fines, subsidies and quotas, and found that pesticide quotas were the most effective way to reduce pesticide use. Did. In addition to the negative effects of pesticide use on the environment and consumer health, the negative effects of chemical pesticides on sustainable agricultural growth are also well documented. Despite these adverse effects outside of pesticide use, farmers continue to overuse pesticides and policies in developing countries do not adequately address the risks of pesticides. Agricultural machinery plays an important role in sustainable agricultural development and conservation in emerging and developing countries. Several papers have examined the effects of agricultural machinery use on agricultural products. Benin, for example, has shown that the mechanized farming practices used by farmers significantly improve agricultural productivity in Ghana. An analysis from northern Bangladesh showed a positive association between agricultural machinery use and wheat yield. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the relationship between agricultural machinery use and slaughter costs. 
It remains unclear whether the use of agricultural machinery increased or decreased pesticide expenditure, especially when self-selection biases associated with voluntary use of agricultural machinery are present. The impact of agricultural machinery use on pesticide spending can be both negative and positive. On the one hand, the use of agricultural machinery helps improve pesticide application, forcing small farmers to apply less. In this regard, the use of agricultural machinery can reduce slaughter costs. On the other hand, the use of agricultural machinery can increase pesticide use by addressing the barriers and burdens of pesticide use (e.g., manual application techniques and physical factors), thereby increasing the use and impact of agricultural machinery. Better alignment between pesticide spending. Additionally, farmers themselves decide whether or not to use agricultural machinery for pesticide application (i.e., a self-selection process). In particular, farmers' decisions to use agricultural machinery can be influenced by both observed characteristics (such as age, gender, and household size) and unobserved characteristics (such as the farmer's innate abilities and management skills). Yes, and these may be relevant to the results of interest. (Pesticide expenditure in our case). This issue leads to sample selection and endogeneity issues, which must be considered in order to obtain unbiased and consistent estimates of the impact of agricultural implement use on pesticide expenditure. The primary aim of this study is to assess the impact of agricultural machinery use on pesticide expenditure using farm-level data observed in rural China. 
This study aims to contribute to the growing literature on the role of agricultural machinery in sustainable and conservation agriculture. We first investigate the impact of agricultural machinery on pesticide use using recent survey data from 493 smallholder maize farmers in rural China. Existing research has so far focused on the total machine power output or the intensity of machine use in an effort to analyze its determinants. However, there are few studies on the use of agricultural machinery during specific stages of production, such as pesticide use. Second, the proposed econometric model takes into account the possible endogeneity of agricultural machine use, particularly due to self-selection processes. To achieve this, we use endogenous switching regression (ESR) models to address the issue of potential selection bias caused by both observed and unobserved factors. To date, no previous studies have identified the impact of agricultural machinery use on pesticide expenditure. The rest of this document is organized as follows: The next section presents the data and descriptive statistics. Section 3 presents empirical specifications.
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