Acid-activated bentonite clay is used for the purification of motor oil. Motor oils play an important role in the operation and performance of the car, being among the most sought-after products. From 1991 to recent years, annual global demand for lubricants hovered around 35 million tons. Bentonite clay is one of the most widely used types of clay, due to its physical and chemical properties and its ability to increase the distance between its layers after undergoing an activation process (acidic, alkaline, thermal, or mixed). Acid activation is a chemical treatment usually performed with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. The increase in the adsorption capacity of bentonite depends on the activation conditions (acid concentration and type, temperature, contact time, acid/slurry ratio, mixing speed, pH, and particle size) and composition. Therefore, it is important to find the optimum operating conditions for each type of bentonite deposit available in the region. Activated clay improved surface properties (greater adsorption capacity), 20 ml of appropriate UMO was placed in beakers, and the oil was heated to 90 °C with constant stirring at 200 rpm. Activated bentonite clay and natural clay (washed and sieved clay) Upon reaching the temperature were set at 25% w/v relative to the volume of oil. 
The temperature was increased to 160°C. The procedure was performed in about 12 minutes. Samples were cooled to 70 °C and filtered through medium porosity cellulose paper [8]. Oil filter (finishing) tests were carried out in duplicate. Acid-activated bentonite clay is produced almost exclusively from non-swollen or southern bentonite by treatment with various mineral acids. When used for its ability to decolor or "bleach" the color pigments found in petroleum and vegetable oils, it is called bleaching clay or bleaching soil. Although they are sometimes confused with Fuller's soil, which is also called bleaching clay, they differ by virtue of the acid treatment they received and their remarkably high pigment adsorption efficiency. The whole land is used in its original state, processed only by drying and grinding. It must be emphasized that the acid activation process works well only when selected bentonite is used. Other clays like kaolin, attapulgite, talc, etc., improve little or not at all when treated with acids. Perhaps most surprising is the fact that western swelling or bentonite usually achieves one-fourth to one-half the activity of selected southern bentonite after acid treatment, although they are often quite similar in chemistry. The causes of bentonite source sensitivity are complex, subtle, and currently only partially understood. 
bentonite clay
Bentonite clay is commonly used today in creating skincare products and beauty regimes to create shiny, healthy hair and soothe sensitive skin. However, it has been used in many cultures as a "healing clay" for thousands of years. Here's a brief history of bentonite clay and some of the ways it has been incorporated into health and beauty rituals over time. Bentonite is a very ancient clay that has been used as a remedy for many things. Fine dust forms when volcanic ash ages. It is named after Fort Benton, WY, which has many. But it is found all over the world. It is also known as montmorillonite clay after an area in France with large deposits. You may hear it called calcium bentonite clay. Bentonite deposits are usually mined in quarries. The extracted bentonite is obviously solid, even with a moisture content of about 30%. The substance is initially crushed and, if necessary, activated by the addition of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Next, the bentonite is dried (air dried and/or vigorously dried) to a moisture content of approximately 15%. Depending on the final application, the bentonite is sieved (granular form) or ground (powder and ultra-fine powder). 
For special applications, bentonite is purified by removing associated mineral impurities, treated with acids to produce acid-activated bentonite (bleaching soil), or treated with organic compounds to produce organic layers. Bentonite is generally used as a binding material in the preparation of molding sand for the production of iron, steel, and non-ferrous castings. The unique properties of bentonite produce green sand briquettes that have good flowability, compressibility, and thermal stability to produce high-quality castings. Bentonite is commonly used for cat litter, due to its advantage of absorbing debris into clumps (which can be removed easily) leaving the rest of the product intact for later use. Bentonite is commonly used as a binding agent in the production of iron ore pellets. Through this process, iron ore pellets are converted into spherical granules, suitable as raw materials in blast furnaces for iron ore production or direct reduced iron (DRI) production. Bentonite in civil engineering applications has traditionally been used as a thixotropic, supportive, and lubricant in membrane walls and foundations, in tunnels, in horizontal directional drilling, and in lifting pipelines. 
Bentonite is also used in Portland cement and mortars due to its viscosity and ductility. Bentonite adsorption/sorption properties are very useful for wastewater purification. General environmental directives recommend low-permeability soils, which should naturally contain bentonite, as a sealant in the construction and rehabilitation of landfills to ensure groundwater is protected from contaminants. Bentonite is the active protective layer of synthetic clay liners. Another common use of bentonite is as a clay component for drilling oil and water wells. Its functions are primarily to seal the walls of the well, remove drill bits, and lubricate the cutter head. Bentonite is used to remove impurities from oils where absorption properties are essential in processing edible oils and fats (soybean/palm/canola oil). In beverages such as beer, wine, and mineral water, and products such as sugar or honey, bentonite is used as a clarifying agent. Bentonite is used as a feed supplement for animals, as a granulator in the production of animal feed pellets, as well a flow aid for unconsolidated feed ingredients such as soybean meal. It is also used as an ion exchanger for soil improvement and conditioning. When heat treated, it can be used as porous ceramic support for many herbicides and pesticides. Today bentonite is used as a filler in pharmaceutical products, and due to its absorption/adsorption functions, it allows the formation of pastes. These applications include synthetic barrier creams, calamine lotion, wet compresses, and anti-irritants for eczema. In medicine, bentonite is used as an antidote for heavy metal poisoning. Personal care products such as clay packs, sunburn paint, baby powders, and face creams. 
Acid-activated bentonite clay
Acid activated bentonite clay is a synthetic material that has been required to be added by 7 CFR 205.603 as a 18 treatment for poultry litter. The primary intended use of the contact material is to reduce the ammonia level of the 19 types of urease-producing bacteria commonly found in bird droppings. Gaseous ammonia activated bentonite is enclosed so that ammonia does not pose a negative health risk to poultry and does not escape into the atmosphere 21. The substance is not intended to be added to feed. Acid-activated bentonite has many other uses as an absorbent and bleaching agent. It has been used to absorb and subsequently remove environmental contaminants such as heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons 128 from contaminated solutions, and nitrogen oxides from industrial exhaust streams 129 . It is also used in the industrial processing of vegetable, animal, and mineral oils and waxes 130 as a bleaching and decolorizing agent . 
Acid activated bentonite 131 powders are also used in the manufacture of carbonless paper. Bentonite has important physical and chemical properties, which make this bentonite of particular interest to industrialists, environmentalists, and engineers. It is an environmentally friendly, non-toxic and low cost absorbent material with local availability. Furthermore, it has the ability to undergo modifications to improve its adsorption properties, since the ideal adsorbent should consist of molecules with large surface area, high cation exchange capacity (CEC), chemical and mechanical stability, low diffusion resistance, high efficiency and affinity for contaminants [20]. The method of modification is acid treatment. The acid activation of clays has been studied by several researchers [21, 22] and the process depends largely on the nature and concentration of the acid, the processing time and the temperature [23]. In general, acid activation of clay minerals increases the specific surface area and number of active sites for adsorbents. 
acid- bentonite clay manufacturers
Acid bentonite clay has many manufacturers across the world. What is acid-activated bentonite clay? bentonite activated clay is a chemical treatment traditionally applied to clays, usually bentonite in hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, to obtain partially dissolved materials with improved surface properties, suitable for new applications or to demonstrate new and interesting behavior. A review of recent literature shows that interest in these materials remains widespread, with many new developments relevant to the environment and in the field of polymer clay nanocomposites. Also includes acid treatment of vermiculite and non-swelling clays. The search for economical and environmentally friendly alternatives to the purification of used motor oil (UMO) has become a research topic. In this study, the use of bentonite clay modified by acid activation was proposed. Sulfuric acid, acetic acid (v-acid/w-clay ratio = 20, 40 and 60%) and sulfuric/acetic mixtures were used to revitalize bentonite clays. The activated slurry was used to treat UMO at a ratio of 1:4 w/v, using batch adsorption processes. To identify the structural and morphological alterations resulting from the acid activation process, the clay was characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The oil filter efficiency was measured by UV visible spectroscopy, acidity, alkalinity and viscosity index. It was determined that the sulfuric and sulfuric/acetic acid activation processes presented a similar transformation in the structure of the bentonite, which is manifested by the leaching of the intermediate layer cations. 
The treated oils with the highest clarifications (relative to UMO) were those treated with activated bentonite at 40% vol/acre sulfuric acid and sulfuric/acetic acid (1:1) ratio at 70 and 68% clarifications, respectively. Oil treated with activated clay with sulfuric acid (40%) reduced viscosity, acidity, and alkalinity by 23%, 80% and 29%, respectively. Below is the list of the main bentonite clay manufacturers in USA. Mamaroneck, New York Distributor of organic bentonite clay for paint applications. Bentonite clay can be used as a thickening and suspending agent and as a structural colorant in anhydrous products. Available in multiple grades, quality, packages and sources. Grades range from industrial and technical to high purity. Packaging varies from pails, paper bags, fiber drums, super bags, and bulk. The grades can be in lumps, granular, powder, suspension or in microns. Capable of absorbing water. Meets ISO 9000 standards and USP Certificates of Conformity Analysis or Bacteria Free. Made in the USA Protech Minerals, LLC 
Raw material plant for rare earth minerals, including bentonite. Suitable for use in pharmaceutical formulations as an absorbent in many products including creams, lotions, wet packs, anti-irritants and medications. It is also designed to be used as an antidote against heavy metal poisoning. It is used in foundries as a binder and as an absorbent in cat litter. Also suitable for use in granulation, construction, environmental markets, drilling, food markets, agriculture, detergents, paints, dyes, paper and catalysts. Woy Ben, Inc. Manufacturer of colloidal clay including bentonite products. Various products include viscosity removers for oil and gas well drilling fluids, foundry sand binders for metal smelting, binders for tectonic iron ore granules, sealants for municipal, industrial and hazardous waste containment products and hardener. for industrial and hazardous waste. Products specifically developed for specific industrial applications are also available. Bentonite clay spreader for ponds, dams, trenches, crayons, and drilling applications. 
3M Brands, bulk apothecary East Providence, Rhode Island distributor* Distributor of nanoparticles containing bentonite in powder form. Available in 20nm particle size. It is used to retard the advancement of water through soil or rock and into the drilling mud to give the water a higher viscosity. It is used as an absorbent to lighten or decolorize liquids and as a filler in paper or rubber. Suitable for cosmetic and medical applications. Packaging options such as jars, pails, barrels, paper or bulk bags, and cardboard containers. Jackson nomination Franklin, Georgia Manufacturer of bentonite clay for petrochemical, transformer oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, process gas, cutting fluids, deodorization, biodiesel, fluid filtration, insulation, hydraulic and turbine industries, industrial turbines, phosphate ester and refrigerant oil. Bleach, Normal Volatiles (RVM), Whole Earth, Montmorillonite, Hydrated Aluminosilicate, and Attapulgite Activated Clay. Made in EE.UU. Simbar Performance Metals Manufacturer and distributor of Barium Sulfate, Blanc Fix, Nano Barite, Magnesium Hydroxide, Sodium and Calcium Bentonite. South Plainfield, New Jersey Custom Factory*, Manufacturer Dedicated manufacturer of bentonite clay to improve blood circulation and remineralizer the skin. Clay is hypoallergenic, chemical free and natural, it treats or regenerates skin tissue, improves scars and reduces wrinkles making it feel rejuvenated. Minor services include packaging and graphic design. Suitable for sensitive skin.
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