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Hazelnut kernels benefits
Hazelnut (Corylus), an economic nut tree, flourishes in temperate climates with high humidity and rainfall (Kole, 2011).
Corylus heterophylla Fisch., Corylus mandshurica Maxim., Corylus kweichowensis Hu., Corylus chinensis Franch., Corylus fargesii C.K.
Schneid., Corylus yunnanensis (Franch.) A. Camus, Corylus ferox Wall., Corylus wangii Hu., Corylus k These resources span 24 provinces in China from 24°31'N to 51°42'N.(Zhang et al., 2005).
- heterophylla is the most valued and commonly used wild Corylus species in China, primarily in the north and northeast.
In recent years, more locals have started cultivating and managing C.
heterophylla, with yield and output growing sustainably.
- mandshurica, which grows at higher altitudes and has a fragrant flavor, C.
kweichowensis, which grows in the middle and south of China, and C.
yunnanensis, a high shrub or small arbor tree, which grows at higher altitudes from 2,000 to 3,700 m in the southwest of China, are the other three wild species that can be focused on due to ease of collection.
The hybrid hazelnut (C.heterophylla Fisch.C.avellana L.) is a novel hazelnut species developed by crossbreeding C.
heterophylla Fisch.
from northeast China as the female parent and C.avellana L.
seedlings brought from Italy as the male parent since the 1980s (Liang et al., 2012).
End-of-the-century hybrid hazelnuts were released between 2000 and 2010.Cv.
'Dawei', the major cultivar of the hybrid hazelnut (C.
heterophylla Fisch.C.avellana L.), has a huge size, high yield, and strong temperature adaptation.
It's planted widely in China's north, northeast, northwest, and even central areas.
It accounts for more than half of the present farmed area.
Hazelnut plays a major role in human nutrition and health due to its special composition of fats (about 60%), most of which are monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid), protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins (vitamin E), minerals, phytosterols (mainly -sitosterol), squalene, and antioxidant phenols More research reveals nuts may prevent age-related disorders like Alzheimer's (Gorji et al., 2017).
Frequent nut consumption is associated with better metabolic status and a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality (especially due to cardiovascular-related causes); it is also associated with reduced risks of certain cancers, such as colorectal, endometrial, and pancreatic neoplasms (Grosso and Estruch, 2015); and it affects human innate response, such as anti-inflammatory response (Giulia et al., 2018).
Corylus avellana oil regulates gonadotropins, hormones, and serum lipids, and has antioxidant action (Demirel et al., 2016).
Hazelnut kernels standard
Hazelnut-enriched diets may reduce atherosclerosis by increasing endothelial function, reducing LDL oxidation, and activating inflammatory markers (Orem et al., 2013; Santi et al., 2017; Benassi et al.,2019,2021).
Distinct hazelnut kinds or cultivars have different nutritional compositions (Köksal et al., 2006; Matthäus and can, 2012; Tian et al., 2012).
The fat content ranges from 50.6 to 66.4%, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content from 3.7 to 15.6%, the MUFA content from 40.1 to 84.7%, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content from 1.5 to 16.4%, and the total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content from 70.0 to 93.93%, but most hazelnut kernels have similar main fatty acid compositions.
Protein composition is 12.6-25.9 g/100 g, carbohydrates are 6.5–24.0 g/100 g, and vitamin E is 15–20 mg/100 g.(Oliveira et al., 2008; Alasalvar et al., 2010; Ma and Liu, 2011; Chai et al., 2012).
China, a major Corylus distribution region, offers ample resources.
Greater knowledge of its genetic variety, distribution, and biochemical features is needed to improve breeding programs and increase hazelnut production competitiveness.
However, Corylu’s genetic wild resources are neglected (Bacchetta et al., 2015).
Corylus plant study globally focuses on Chinese cultivars and species' nutritional content and antioxidant capability.
Few reports exist on Chinese wild hazelnut kernels and hybrid (C.heterophylla Fisch.C. avellana L.) kernels.
China's hazelnut breeding research is only beginning, and several challenges, notably nut quality, are limiting progress.
Thus, comparing the nutritional content and antioxidant properties of wild and hybrid Chinese hazelnut kernels is crucial for breeding and resource evaluations of Corylus.
Databases
Chinese wild hazelnut kernels are from four species: Corylus heterophylla Fisch (Ping), Corylus mandshurica Maxim (Mao), Corylus kweichowensis Hu (Chuan), and Corylus yunnanensis (Franch.) A.
Camus (the Chinese name for Dian) Beijing's Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, gathered the 7-year-old hybrid hazelnut cv.
"Dawei" Table 1 includes the time, location, and soil parameters.
The samples were 2.5 kilograms apiece.
A plan
Fresh hazelnut kernels' water content dropped to 6.2% after 10 days of air drying (average wind velocity, ambient air temperature, relative humidity, and sunlight duration; 3.1 meters per second, 16 degrees Celsius, 70 percent, and 6.5 hours, respectively).
After drying each hazelnut kernel at 80.2°C until constant weight, the dry matter content was calculated.
The kernel's oil was extracted with ether for eight hours at 50 degrees Celsius using a Soxhlet extractor.
Milling and sifting at 150 m gathered defatted flour samples.
Oil and fatty acid concentration
Using a Soxhlet extractor and ether (50°C) for eight hours, the oil content was measured.
GC with FID capillary column was used to determine fatty acid content.100 L of oil was methylated at room temperature for three hours with 1 mL of methyl esterification reagent (0.5 mol/L KOH-CH3OH) and 2 mL of ether.
Hazelnut kernel meal
After phase separation with deionized water, 5 mL of diethyl ester was vortexed to recover fatty acid methyl ester (FAME).
The top phase was passed through an anhydrous sodium sulfate micro-column to remove water.
Before injection, the sample was filtered using 0.2 m Millipore nylon.
The fatty acid profile was analyzed using an Agilent GC 7890A with a split/splitless injector, FID, and 30 m 0.25 mm 0.25 m AB-FFAP column.
Temperature program: The column was heated to 50°C for one minute, then 200°C for 45 minutes.
Nitrogen was 20 PSI and the FID detector was 270°C.
250°C split injection (20:1) Each analysis used 1 milliliter of material.
The data were analyzed using Agilent ChemStation GC.
Normalizing the chromatographic peak area gave proportional percentages of each fatty acid.
Comparing the FAME peak retention durations in samples and standards detects fatty acids (Seyhan et al., 2007; Oliveira et al., 2008).
The fatty acid content is a percentage, while the oil content is g/100 g DW.
Level Protein
The micro Kjeldahl technique was used to measure 0.5 g of defatted flour's TPC.N5.3 is TPrC.(1999) Coomassie brilliant blue G250 staining determined soluble protein content (SPC).
Each kernel was dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water and ultrasonically extracted at 40°C for 30 minutes.
The filtrate was recovered after filtering the extraction solution.
Then, 195 L of Coomassie brilliant blue G250 reagent and 5 L of the filtrate were put into a 96-well microplate and left to settle for 5 minutes.
The absorbance of the combination was measured at 595 nm using an ELISA plate reader.
The concentrations were compared to a standard curve based on bovine serum albumin (BSA) (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 g/mL).SPrC=g/100g DW.
Hazelnut kernel specification
RP-HPLC was used to measure amino acid content (Waters 2695).
RP-HPLC employed a 3.9 mm by 150 mm AccQ Taq aa column and 2475 detectors.
Fluorescence detector excitation and emission wavelengths were 250 and 395 nm.
Two solvents, solvent (A), 140 mmol/L sodium acetate (17 mmol/L triethylamine, pH 4.95, and solvent (B), 60% acetonitrile-water solution, were utilized in a graded manner at 1.0 mL/min.
Hydrolyzed amino acids are presented as g/100 g DW and free amino acids as mg/100 g DW.
Sugar's Ingredients Sugar's composition was determined via HPLC (HPLC).
Each kernel sample was dissolved in 20 mL of deionized water and heated for 30 minutes.
After sifting, the supernatant was the sample solution.
20 L of sample solution were tested for sugar content.
Polysaccharides, tetrasaccharide, trisaccharide, disaccharide, fructose, glucose, and mannitol were analyzed using a Waters 2695 instrument with a 2414 Refractive Index Detector and sugar-pak-1 column(6.5 mm 30 m); deionized water was the moving phase, with a 0.6 mL/min flow rate.
DW units are g/100 g.
Vitamin C was evaluated using molybdenum blue colorimetry.
The kernel samples were ultrasonically extracted at room temperature for 30 minutes after being dissolved in 10 mL of oxalic acid–EDTA.
The extracting solution was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3,000 g.5 mL of the supernatant was transferred to a glass tube with 2.0 mL of ammonium molybdate, 1.0 mL of 5% sulfuric acid, and 0.5 mL of metaphosphoric acid-acetic acid solution.
After mixing, 15 minutes passed at 30°C.
UV–visible spectrophotometer measured absorbance at 760 nm.
It was then compared to a standard curve produced using 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 g/mL ascorbic acid solutions.
Every 100g of dry weight contains milligrams of vitamin C.
RP-HPLC and a 284 nm UV detector were utilized to quantify -, -, -, and - tocopherols (2006).
250 mg of oil was diluted in 0.
2 mL of diethyl ether for the tocopherols investigation, and 20 L was utilized for HPLC.
Tocopherol composition was analyzed using a Waters 2695 with a Sunfire C18 column and an ultraviolet detector (284 nm) (4.6 250 mm 5 m).
Methyl alcohol moved at 1.2 mL/min.
All measurements are in mg per 100 g of oil.
Sample TPC and TFC extraction
Each kernel sample was dissolved in 40 mL of 60% ethyl alcohol containing 0.024% HCL and 1.0 g of the kernel.
After 20 minutes of centrifuging at 3,000 rpm, the supernatant was separated.
Folin-Ciocalteu TPC measurement was modified (Bolling et al., 2010).
50 L of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was added to 100 L of 12% sodium carbonate solution and 25 L of supernatant.
The sample was then incubated at room temperature for two hours in the dark.
Absorbance was measured at 765 nm using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and compared to a gallic acid (GAE) standard curve (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 g/mL).GAE/100 g DW is TPC.
TFC was measured by tweaking a colorimetric approach (Balta et al., 2006).
60 L of 60% ethyl alcohol and 6 L of sodium nitrite were combined with 40 L of supernatant and left at room temperature for six minutes.
6 L of 10% Al (NO3)3, 80 L NaOH, and 12 minutes at room temperature.
Absorbance was measured at 510 nm using an ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer and compared to a rutin standard curve (40, 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 g/mL).
mg/100 g DW is TFC.
Analyze Statistics
The data represents the mean SE from three studies with three replications.
Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 13.0.(SPSS Company, Chicago, IL, United States).
Duncan's multiple range test set a P 0.05 significance criterion for one-way ANOVA to compare species and cultivars.
Pearson's correlation coefficient compared free radical scavenging and nutrition (test of significance, using two-tailed distribution).
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